Synthesis and some Features of Three-Phases Polymer/Metal/Ceramic Multilayers Nanocomposite

      Layer by layer development two features of pulsed laser deposition PLD, with a high kinetic energy and sharp instantaneous deposition rating. Layered films of polymer/metal/ceramic nanocomposites consisting of polystyrene PS(as substrate) , tin Sn and cadmium oxide CdO were deposited by PLD. Structure for layered samples were measured  by XRD X ray diffraction, there were appearance of peaks  which reflected  to formation of new compounds result of  reaction between layers. Particles size  was calculated using two methods and it give nanoscale. Microstrain was also calculated  and exhibited  high value (0.01) for sample p/m. 
 

primary choice of growing complicated materials like oxides of transition metal [2][3][4]. In pulse laser deposit, moreover knowing by way of laser MBE when grown is measured and checked in a layer -layer way, a laser pulse with extreme and small are strikes a target and ablating the material beginning target. When the pulse of laser is absorbs in the surface level of the target, energy of electromagnetic is directly transformed into exciting the electrons in develop of Plasmon and un-bound of electrons. Electrons have been excited after then transmission their belong energy to lattice through electron -phonon e -p pair inside a few of picoseconds. Composite nanostructured materials including of polymers and metals have a wide range of requests In thin film deposition, clusters of metal can be growth by atoms agglomeration which deposit on the substrate surface, known Vollmer Weber island growth [5][6][7]. Size of cluster and shape are well-defined by the growth mechanisms on the surface of substrate, which powerfully depend on the preparation conditions and on diffusion of the metal in the matrix and top its surface. The grown mechanisms conducting to the detected nanostructures have been investigated in these concerns, focusing especial on implanting effects, dissimilarities in metal diffusion and reactivity with the polymer. Further, the clusters are forming on the substrate surface because of implantation effects. Operation of the PLD comprise concentrating an intense of pulse laser top on the surface level of a target, and take out materials of target in the forming of specific volatile phases, a gas or a plasma. Separate benefits of PLD comprise its simplicity of using, pulsed laser deposition PLD is the ability to produce high energy source of particles, allowing the grown of high quality film at moderately low substrate temperature. Ultra -high instants of deposited rating and the high of energy of kinetic PLD that production the greatest critical roles. The enhanced growth, in specific for the first numerous monolayers, providing great chance to design conterfiate structures of thin films which have hopeful properties [8][9][10]. Synthesis of multilayers from polymer, metal and metal oxide are goal of the paper.

2.Materials and Methods
In this study, Polystyrene employed was provided by Polymer Chemical Company , HIMEDIA, Chloroform was used as a solvent for PS, tin Sn powder metal from ( Riedel De-Hain Company ) and cadimeum oxide CdO provided from( Reagim company). Thin films of pure polystyrene PS were synthetized by applying solution -casting technique, which was used as substrate . PS was dissolved in using magnetic stirrer of hot plate at 70 0 C for 2hr to obtain solution with homogeneously. For extreme dispersing the solution was furthermore stirring for 2hrs by protection the temperature was constant. Thin films were provided by draining the solution on a washed optical plane plate of glass. The whole system was allowable to evaporat at room temperature RT in dust at liberty chamber and after that completing evaporation, the film was separate from the surface of glass. To preparation the targets, tin powder metal and cadimeum oxide ceramic powder, as individual, of 4gm weight was pressed under 4-9 ton for around 0.5-1m to form the target with 1.5cm diameter and 0.25-0.3cm thickness. Target must be dense as a disk to get a surface with homogenously for depositing same mass of material at all pulses process when altering the laser local beam. Layered films of polymer/metal/ceramic nanocomposites consisting of polysrtyrene (as substrate) , tin and cademium oxide were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) KrF excimer. Figure1. Schematic diagram of the system of the active medium is an Nd-YAG crystal and with a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse duration of 10 ns and number of pulses 100 was use and laser energy of 200 mJ at room temperature of vacuum chamber made of quartz and the target is mounted inside the chamber on a stainless steel substrate with a base pressure of about 5−6 mbar chamber. Laser component was out of chamber room , and fixing for beam of laser on the surface level of the target was achieved by applying an optically lens of focally length 20cm. This by alternatively switching the target from Sn to CdO. On the smooth polymer layers, the metal and ceramic grew in Vollmer-Weber Island growth leading for thin films of Sn and CdO to layered PS/Sn/CdO. Technique of deposition (PLD) was repeated carried out with change the laying. The structure of the layered samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (SHIMADZU JAPAN, XRD -6000) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.542 Aº) was used.

3.Results and Discussion
The obtained structure was shown in the measured for X-ray diffractions and explained in Figure 2, it was note there were peaks presentation obviously, In prepared sample polystyrene pure the nature of XRD are amorphously and there was a peak at 2Ө=20. Sample of polymer/metal (p/m) with peaks at 2Ө= 30,32,43.8 and 64.5 for plans (200), (101), (220) and (321) respectively led to tin metal layer precipitated on polymer polystyrene using pulsed laser deposition technique. Peaks for sample polymer/ceramic (p/c) at angles 2Ө=33, 38, 55 and 66 reflected from plans (111), (200), (220) and (311) referred to cadmium oxide (CdO) layer which precipitated on polymer polystyrene using same technique. New compounds appeared obviously like Cd2SnO4 at a round peak 2Ө= 32.6,57 with diffracted (311), Sn3O4 at peak 2Ө= 32.  where D = crystalline size, K = shape factor (0.9), and λ = wavelength of Cukα radiation.
ϵ is microstrain, figure 3 show plot was drawn of 4sinθ along the x-axis and βhkl cosθ beside with y-axis.  Aberrations from ideal crystallinity, like finite size of crystallite and strain (at the atomic scale conduct to broadening of the lines diffraction. Sources of line comprised, broadening of instrument, broadening of Crystallite Size and Strain Broadening, Elongated Defects for Stacking Faults . Anti -phase Boundaries. Elongated defects interruptted the arrangement of crystal atomic, typically along with 2D planes. These defects efficiently terminated a crystallographically domain ordered of the crystals. Uniform strain reasons to expand/contract unit cell in an isotropic direction [9][10][11][12][13]. This led to alter in a unit cell parameters and modification of the peaks. There was no broadening related to this kind of strain. Nonuniform strain guide to systematic shifts of the atoms from their ideal of positions and to peaks broaden. This kind of strain point defects (vacancies, site-disorder, etc ). In method 2 W-H equation which included strain effect and results of the particle size for sample p/m showing a value higher (20.9 nm) with micro strain (0.01) than that calculated ( 17.3 nm) in method 1 of Debye-Scherrer's formula. Lattice parameters gave slightly deviation from individual metal tin and ceramic cadmium oxide, rather than, samples p/c/m and p/m/c that gave obviously deviation from pure which led to the reaction between two layers metal and ceramic

Conclusion
Layer by layer growing has two characteristic marks of PLD Pulse laser deposit, was a influential pr ocess to develop thin films and multilayers of difficult materials such as oxides of metal. In this state, utmost named benefits of PLD is easiness of preserving the stoichiometry the target of material. Layered films of polymer/metal/ceramic nanocomposites consisting of polysrtyrene (as substrate) , tin and cademium oxide were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Structure of layered prepared samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), there are presence of peaks which that reflected creation of new compounds result of reaction between layers. Particles size was calculated applying two methods and gave nanoscale. PLD can meaningfully improving the grown of thin films as multilayers. Micro strain also calculated and exhibited high vale for sample p/m.