Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences
Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences
A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Cat Swarm Optimization for Solving the Quadratic Assignment Problem
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Quadratic Assignment Problem, Genetic Algorithm, Cat Swarm Optimization, Hybrid Metaheuristic, Combinatorial Optimization Since the cost function of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is quadratic and its solution space expands linearly, this problem is computationally challenging. In other words, any problem that can be solved by an exact method on one medium- to large-scale instance should be practically intractable in general for the robust hybrid optimization algorithm, combining Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO), proposed in this study. It has both the characteristics of being aggressive with respect to exploration but conservative once a promising solution region is identified and introducing localized search operations for improving solution quality: A genetic algorithm is utilized to carry out recombination on the population. As for Cat Swarm Optimization, it adopts a two-way search model with the seeking mechanism and tracing mechanism applied. The new alternative structure, delta evaluation, uses permutational expression for the solutions. It can reduce computational complexity. The proposed algorithm was tested by running 30 independent trials on known QAPLIB benchmark instances, and then its results were analyzed using both Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Friedman ranks. Experimental results confirm that in several cases, the hybrid GA (GA + CSO) framework provides good or even superior solution quality compared to classical metaheuristic methods. Median optimality gaps dropped and robustness increased. But the question of how to judge the overall performance, let alone prove that it’s not just a fluke (something relying on only a few tests), can only be decided after further study. This improvement—it is statistically confirmed at the 0.05 level—is significant. The proposed model is useful for solving large-scale NP-hard permutation-based combinatorial optimization. For similar problems and future research, it provides a flexible and scalable framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Standardized Learning for Applicable Local Medical Systems: A Pilot Assessment
Section: Computer Keywords: Federated Learning, Medical Systems, Data Privacy, Machine Learning, Experimental Study Federated learning (FL) has become a feasible approach to developing medical prediction models by using distributed institutions without transferring the patient’s raw data to the central server. The pilot experiment presented herewith confirms the usability of FL in local medical systems using the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Diagnostic dataset, which is divided into five clients simulating independent medical institutions under IID and Non-IID settings. A lightweight multilayer perceptron was trained with the Federated Averaging (FedAvg) algorithm and compared to a centralized baseline under the same training conditions. Assessment Metrics for Model Performance: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and Training Time. The accuracy of the centralized model was 96.49% while the federated model’s accuracy was 94.74% under IID partitioning and 93.86% under Non-IID partitioning. This shows that the performance of the models dropped by an overall 2.6 percentage points in the heterogeneous setting. Notably, recall remained stable at 98.61% across all configurations, suggesting consistent sensitivity in picking up malignant cases. These findings suggest that FL is able to achieve reliable predictive performance while preserving the locality of data and can thus be employed as a method for privacy-aware learning in a collaborative local medical system.
Fast New Method for Estimation of Captopril in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparation by Reaction with Ammonium Ce (IV) Sulfate in Acid Medium
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Captopril, Flow injection analysis, Hypertension, Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D solar cell Continuous flow injection analyzer. The determination of captopril (CAP) using a new continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) method was given in this work CAP in its pure state and some of its pharmaceutical preparations. The technique can be described as simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and low-cost. The CAP reacted with ammonium ceric(IV) sulfate (ACS)2(NH4 )2SO4Ce(SO4)2. 3 H2O in an acidic medium and the reaction led to the formation of a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The formed precipitate was studied using Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D Solar cell-CFI Analyzer, a through the reflection of accident light on the surfaces of the precipitate particles at (0-1800), expressed as the response of the transducer measured in (mV). Some chemical and physical parameters were studied to provide the optimal conditions for the study. The calibration curve within the range of (0.07-3.0) mmol/L was linear, with a correlation coefficient (r) value equal to (0.9983), and the percentage value of linearity (R2%) was (99.65). The method's detection limit (L.O.D.) of the new method was 272.5 ng/25 µL; it was calculated by diluting the minimum concentration in the calibration curve gradually. RSD% was less than 0.2% for 0.9, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol/L concentrations of C.A.P. for n=8. The method was successfully applied to estimate C.A.P. in three pharmaceutical preparations, each produced by a different company. The new method was compared with the UV-Spectrophotometric method (classical method) at λmax= 207.2 nm by using the method of standard additions. Both the t-test and the F-test were conducted to ensure that there wasn't a significant difference between the new method and the conventional one. The results of both tests showed, at a confidence level of 95%, that there was no significant difference.
Captopril, Flow injection analysis, Hypertension, Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D solar cell Continuous flow injection analyzer.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Graphene Oxide Concentration on the Antibacterial Activity of GO–ZnO Hybrid Nanocomposites
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Bacterial effectiveness, Graphene oxide, Nanocomposite, Spin-coating technique, Zinc oxide Graphene oxide (GO) with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was synthesized using sol-gel and spin-coating procedures. This study aims to assess the antibacterial properties of ZnO-GO nanocomposites produced by spin coating with varying GO concentrations. So, different concentrations of GO NPs (10%, 30%, and 50%) were added to ZnO to assess the antibacterial activity. Structural and morphological properties of ZnO-GO were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The crystalline size of the pure ZnO NPs decreases with the increase of GO concentration, and the average crystalline size is 32.875 nm. The FESEM images showed that all samples contained mostly spherical-shaped particles with a high tendency to agglomerate. Also, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized NPs (ZnO-GO) was investigated against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, and the fungus Candida albicans. The antibacterial properties of three compounds were highly efficient. Additionally, it was demonstrated that ZnO-GO has higher antibacterial activity than pure ZnO NPs.
Bacterial effectiveness, Graphene oxide, Nanocomposite, Spin-coating technique, Zinc oxide
Nanoscale Processing of Euphrates Poplar for Methylene Blue Removal
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Adsorption, Euphrates poplar, Kinetics, Methylene blue, Thermodynamics, Wastewater treatment The potential of Euphrates poplar (EP) leaves, a plentiful agricultural waste, as a sustainable adsorbent for wastewater treatment is examined in this work. FTIR, FESEM, and XRD were used to characterize activated carbon (AC) derived from EP leaves by carbonizing them at 400°C for 3 hours. Brunauer found a surface area of 3.77 m²/g using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption trials showed that with an ideal contact time of 60 minutes, the removal efficiency exceeded 91%. Temperature and pH significantly affected the adsorption process, and the addition of EP nanoparticles enhanced dye uptake. According to kinetic modeling, the Temkin isotherm (R²= 0.904) provided the most accurate equilibrium fit, while the pseudo-second-order model (R²= 0.999) best explained the adsorption behavior. Positive ΔS° values indicated greater unpredictability at the solid-solution interface, and thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous. These results demonstrate that Euphrates poplar leaves are an economical and environmentally beneficial adsorbent for dye removal, providing a viable alternative for wastewater treatment applications.
Adsorption, Euphrates poplar, Kinetics, Methylene blue, Thermodynamics, Wastewater treatment
Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Indirect Assay of Amlodipine Besylate Using Crystal Violet Agent
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Amlodipine Besylate, Crystal violet, Flow injection, Merging zone Amlodipine Besylate (AMB) was determined in pharmaceutical and biological samples using a continuous-flow injection technique characterized by simplicity, rapidity, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, and a broad linear range. This study aims to develop and evaluate a flow injection analysis method for the rapid and reliable determination of Amlodipine in chemical and biological samples using minute quantities. The suggested method is based on the oxidation of the drug with a potassium bromide-potassium bromate mixture, followed by reaction with crystal violet as a reagent to produce a blue product, the absorbance of which was measured at 592 nm. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.9978, and the calibration curve's linear range is 10-250 μg/mL. The limit of detection for the standard was 2.46 μg/mL, the recovery was 99.81%, and the relative standard deviation was 2.4%. The proposed method was successfully used to estimate AMB in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Compared with those obtained using a United States Pharmacopeia reference method, the results were favorable, and at the 95% confidence level, there was no discernible difference in accuracy and precision
Amlodipine Besylate, Crystal violet, Flow injection, Merging zone
Synthesis and Spectral Investigation of Mixed Schiff Base and L-Leucine Complexes and their Biological Activity
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Biological activity, L-Leucine, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Transition metals In this study, transition complexes of Fe(III), Zn(II), La(III), Ce(III), and Pr(III) with a Schiff base ligand (L), which is derived from 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and sulfamethoxazole, as the primary ligand, and L-Leucinate as a secondary ligand. The bonding mode of the Schiff base has been confirmed through a range of techniques, including infrared, UV-visible (UV-Vis), carbon and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, and spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A thorough discussion is provided on the structural and bonding features of the mixed ligand complexes formed from the Schiff base (L) and L-Leucine with ions [Fe (III), Zn(II), La(III), Ce(III), and Pr(III)], based on results from various research studies. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of these complexes was evaluated against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial strains. Furthermore, antifungal activity against Candida was evaluated, with tetracycline as the reference.
Biological activity, L-Leucine, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Transition metals
Analytical Determination of Diosmetin 7-O-Rutinoside through Reversed Flow Injection Analysis with Brady’s Reagent and NaIO4 as Oxidizing Agent
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Brady’s reagent, Diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside, Pharmaceuticals analysis, Reverse flow injection analysis, UV-Vis spectrophotometry Diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside (DSM) is an important pharmaceutical compound requiring reliable quantification methods. This study aims to develop and optimize a spectrophotometric procedure using reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) as a derivatizing agent in an alkaline medium. Preliminary experiments were conducted to optimize reaction conditions and establish suitable parameters for determining DSM compounds. The rFIA technique was used to automate the derivatization process, and absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically. The optimized rFIA method enabled sensitive and selective detection of the DSM compound through its reaction with DNPH. The approach demonstrated practicality for pharmaceutical analysis, avoiding the need for expensive chromatographic instrumentation or toxic solvents. All numerical results for the maximum wavelength of the reaction at 549 nm, the applicability of Beer-Lambert's law (y= 0.0107x+0.0162), the linearity range (2-100 µg/mL), the sensitivity of the method, the limit of detection (2.412 µg/mL), the quantum limit of detection (11.372 µg/mL), and the stability constant recorded 0,9995. The developed rFIA-spectrophotometric method provides a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative for routine quality control of DSM compounds in pharmaceutical laboratories.
Brady’s reagent, Diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside, Pharmaceuticals analysis, Reverse flow injection analysis, UV-Vis spectrophotometry
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Hybrid Molecules Containing 1,3,4-Thiadiazole and 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Bearing Ibuprofen Moiety
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Antibacterial, Heterocyclic, Ibuprofen, 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, 1,3,4- Thiadiazole A series of novel hybrid molecules containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties bearing an ibuprofen moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A carboxylic acid compound with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole unit was synthesized via the coupling reaction of 5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine with benzoic acid. This compound was then used as the starting material to make several new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives through ring closure reactions, after first converting it to its ester (methyl 4-(5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) benzoate) and then to the acid hydrazide (4-(5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide). Finally, the intramolecular ring closure of the hydrazide compound with carboxylic acids under reflux in POCl₃ afforded 2-(4-(5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The compounds were tested for antibacterial activity on two Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis) bacterial strains. The prepared compounds demonstrated significant antibacterial activity compared with Ibuprofen and Ampicillin. The maximum inhibition zones were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm), Proteus (18 mm), Escherichia coli (17 mm), and Streptococcus (17 mm), suggesting that the synthesized derivatives possess promising antibacterial properties. This difference resulted from substituting the benzene ring with various substituents.
Antibacterial, Heterocyclic, Ibuprofen, 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, 1,3,4- Thiadiazole
Biological Corrosion and the Application of Chelate Ligands Along with Their Metallic Complexes: A Practical and Spectra Investigation
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Absidia carmbivira fungus, Bacillus bacteria, Corrosion zones, Microbiological corrosion, Portris acaladia fungus, Schiff base The Schiff base (E)-N'-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide tridentate was synthesized using conventional condensation techniques, and a series of metal compounds were prepared using its chlorides, including Mn+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, and Zr+4. The synthesized compounds were subjected to FTIR, UV-Vis, ESI-MS, NMR, CHN, and TGA, as well as their derivatives (DTG). The physical properties of the synthesized compounds, including their magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, and ion detection capabilities, were investigated. Corrosive bacteria were isolated from oil-associated water at the Al-Durra refinery site, along with two types of fungi and yeasts. The activity of these compounds against the corrosive isolates and four pathogenic strains was evaluated at a concentration of 10⁻³ mol/L. The fungi exhibited resistance to the synthesized compounds, and the results showed that these compounds were more effective against pathogenic strains than against the isolates, demonstrating the isolates' high adaptability to harsh organic environments. An on-site chlorine solution was used as a control. The results for the newly synthesized Schiff base (L2) and its compounds showed high efficacy compared to the on-site chlorine solution, demonstrating the success of the structural design and indicating their suitability as additives for corrosion-resistant coatings or future pharmaceuticals.
Absidia carmbivira fungus, Bacillus bacteria, Corrosion zones, Microbiological corrosion, Portris acaladia fungus, Schiff base
Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Industrial, Biological Applications for Complexes Containing Diazonium Salt of 4-Aminoantipyrine
Section: Chemistry Keywords: 4-Aminoantipyrine, Azo dyes, Industrial applications, Metal complexes By reacting the diazonium salt of 4-aminoantipyrine with 2,4-dimethyphenol, 4-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenylazo)- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one was synthesized. Elemental analysis (C.H.N.), FT-IR spectrum, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectrum have been used to identify the ligand (L). To create complexes regarding the general formula [M(L)2] with a molar ratio (1:2), the ligand (L) and the metal ion M(II), where M(II)= (Mn, Co, and Zn), have been synthesized in an alkaline medium. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectra, elemental analysis (A.A.), conductivity, melting point, and magnetic susceptibility have been used to identify the complexes. These complexes exhibited a tetrahedral geometry, and their antimicrobial activity was studied using both the ligand complexes (HL) and their complexes [M(L)2]. This study revealed that Mn(II), Co (II), and Zn(II) complexes have an octahedral geometry, as indicated by spectral and physicochemical data. According to activity data, the metal complexes are more effective than the free ligand. Preliminary screening has found Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes to be extremely active against all three bacterial species.
4-Aminoantipyrine, Azo dyes, Industrial applications, Metal complexes
The Role of Nano-Titanium and Nano-Curcumin in the Production of Biofuel from Sunflower Plants (Helianthus annuus L.) Exposed to Water Stress
Section: Biology Keywords: Titanium, Curcumin, Nanoparticles, Biodiesel, Helinthus annuns L, Water stress The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the economically important crops that can be used for biofuel production, which aids in protecting the environment against the negative effects of fossil fuels. There is an increasing need for employing modern materials and technologies such as nanotechnology as the Iraqi environment is subjected to more heat waves and desertification. One of these modern materials is nano-titanium, which is distinguished by its small particle size and high efficiency for agricultural applications. Natural extracts such as curcumin are used due to their curcumin content, a phenolic compound that allows plants to endure periods of drought and limited water availability. To that end, a field experiment was executed in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, during the growing season of 2024-2025. This research study was aimed at examining the impact of spraying with nano-titanium at concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg.L⁻¹) and nano-curcumin at concentrations (0, 25, 75 mg.L⁻¹) on sunflower plants that were subjected to water stress by using different irrigation intervals (5, 10, and 15 days), including a control treatment. The findings indicated a significant impact on plant height, number of leaves, the water content, total chlorophyll concentration, vitamin E level, and the percentage of seed oil. Furthermore, the interactions among treatments were significantly effective with respect to most of the studied traits
New Phenolic-Carbonyl Azo Ligand and its Binding Modes, Geometry Assignments and Thermal Behavior for Ligand and its Metal Complexes
Section: Chemistry Keywords: 4-Aminoacetophenone, Azo dye, 2,3-Dichlorophenol, Metal complexes A fabricated Azo ligand (E)-1-[4-(3,4-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl] phenylethan-1-one was produced by a coupling reaction between diazonium salt made from p-aminoacetophenone and a basic solution of 2,3-dichlorophenol. The azo compound was used to form complexes with Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions at a 2L:1M molar ratio in an alcoholic medium. The ligand and its complexes were characterized using a set of spectroscopic techniques to obtain chemical and structural information. Infrared with Fourier transformation; ultraviolet and visible; ¹H/¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance; mass; thermal analysis and micro elemental analysis spectrometry, as well as molar conductivity. The results certified the chemical moiety and geometric fabrication. Azo dye acts as a bidentate ligand with phenol/hydroxy terminals. The finding was that Cr(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes were characterized by a six-coordinate (distorted octahedral) geometry, whereas the Cu(II) complex had a tetrahedral structure. Thermal decomposition of the ligand and the selected complex was studied to assess stability upon heating and to determine the final residue.
4-Aminoacetophenone, Azo dye, 2,3-Dichlorophenol, Metal complexes
A Comparative Phytochemical Profiling of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Alkaloids in Alfalfa Cultivars Grown in Iraq
Section: Biology Keywords: Medicago sativa,, flavonoids, , high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC, , cultivars. Natural substances obtained from medicinal plants have long served as valuable sources of therapeutic agents because they contain important secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify the qualitative and quantitative content of some active secondary metabolites (SMs) in the aerial parts of three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars (local cultivar LC, Green Gold cultivar GC, and Victoria cultivar VC) grown in Iraq. This was achieved by detecting phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the crude extract and determining their qualitative and quantitative levels using colorimetric methods and HPLC analysis. The results showed a clear difference among the three studied cultivars in both the quantity and quality of the studied SMs. The VC cultivar stood out with the highest content of phenolic compounds (295.8) and alkaloids (4.11), surpassing the other two cultivars. In comparison, GC cultivar recorded the highest flavonoid content (219.09), and its phenolic concentration (285.61) exceeded that of the LC. Meanwhile, LC surpassed GC in alkaloid content, registering a value of (3.70). These differences may be influenced by soil conditions, environmental factors, and genetic diversity among the cultivars in regulating the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites
high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC
Qualitative Properties to Type of Second Order Emden-Fowler Dynamic Equation
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Emden-Fowler dynamic equation, Neutral type Second Order, Asymptotic Behavior, Oscillation Property, Difference Equation This study aimed to secure oscillation properties with asymptotic natures to solutions of Emden-Fowler dynamic equations on a time scale. The primary objectives were to establish new sufficient criteria that guarantee either the oscillatory of solutions or properties of non-oscillatory solutions in mean of asymptotic behavior, such as convergence to zero or to infinity. The research was conducted within the unified framework of difference equations. The classification principle for non-oscillatory solutions, along with the use of generalized and fundamental lemmas, was employed to derive the desired properties, including oscillation criteria and the analysis of asymptotic behavior. The analysis yielded new oscillation criteria with sufficient conditions. For the non-oscillatory case, the study provided explicit conditions under which every solution must eventually satisfy a specific asymptotic property, an illustrative example for application of new results with an effective condition. It was concluded that the newly established criteria are both effective and widely applicable, as they extend and generalize many known results for differential and difference equations. This work provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the qualitative phenomena of this significant class of dynamic equations
Secured Blind Image Watermarking using DWT base with Mixing Random Generator of Lorenz Chaotic System and Geffe Algorithm
Section: Computer Keywords: Copyright, DWT, Lorenz system, Geffe algorithm, Encryption, Watermark In the contemporary electronic era, the significance of safeguarding information has attained crucial proportions. The watermarking technique has been utilized in several contexts for multimedia copyright protection, as it is recognized as one of the most prevalent protective techniques. This paper is concerned with utilizing a secure blind watermarking system based on the frequency domain, along with the new approach that mixes between the Lorenz chaotic system and the Geffe algorithm as a random key generator, to improve the key's randomness for watermark encryption and thereby increase security. The process primarily involves transforming the cover color image into the YCbCr color model and subsequently applying the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to the Y channel, where the embedding occurs in the high-high (HH) sub-band at four designated locations. The performance of the watermarking system was evaluated on a miscellaneous dataset with ten natural images/hosts of square size 512 x 512 pixels, along with a 64 x 64 binary watermark image. The measures are based on the Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC), Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM). The results of the proposed system showed its superiority against prevalent attacks, including noise augmentation attacks, image enhancement assaults, geometric transformation attacks, and JPEG compression attacks. The system demonstrated high NCC values and acceptable imperceptibility
Effect of Irradiation on the Electronic Transitions of CuO Thin Films Prepared by SPD Technique
Section: Physics Keywords: Thin Films, Copper Oxide (CuO), Electronic Transitions, Spray Pyrolysis Deposition (SPD), Irradiation by Gamma Ray Investigates this study the effect of gamma irradiation (E= 662 KeV from a Cs137 source) on the optical properties specifically the absorption coefficient and band gap of Copper Oxide (CuO) thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique on glass substrates at (400°C) with a thickness of (300nm). Irradiation durations of (18 and 24) days were applied. XRD analysis the dominant diffraction peaks correspond to characteristic Copper Oxide (CuO) reflections, indicating preferential growth orientation consistent with monoclinic Copper Oxide (CuO), confirms that the CuO films are polycrystalline and crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c phase.The films exhibit both direct and indirect allowed electronic transitions. The direct optical band gap ranges from (2.4–2.7) electron Volt, while the indirect band gap ranges from (1.8–2.1) electron Volt for non-irradiated and irradiated samples.Gamma irradiation results in a measurable decrease in the absorption coefficient and an apparent increase in both direct and indirect optical band gaps, indicating irradiation-induced modification of electronic states
Extension Odd Generalized Rayleigh Inverse Rayleigh Distribution: Structure and Properties
Section: Mathematics Keywords: T-X family, point estimation, Inverse Rayleigh, quantile function The Extension Odd Generalized Rayleigh Inverse Rayleigh (EOGRIR) distribution is a novel statistical model that leverages existing distribution families in a flexible manner. This model enhances the ability of standard distributions to analyze data. It makes it easier and faster to examine and model different types of lifetime and reliability data. The essay thoroughly examines the fundamental mathematical characteristics of the EOGRIR distribution. Some examples include series expansions, moments, the quantile, skewness, Rényi entropy, kurtosis, order statistics, and the moment generating function. These traits help us understand how the proposed distribution works and how its mathematical principles operate. We also examine methods for estimating parameters, with a focus on maximum likelihood estimates (MLE), to ensure that inference and parameter estimates are accurate. The EOGRIR distribution is likely to have a significant impact on statistics, as it offers a more flexible and comprehensive framework that may be superior to the existing ones
Callus Induction of Dianthus caryophllus L. and Economic Importance
Section: Biology Keywords: plant tissue culture The medicinal knowledge of herbal plants plays a crucial role in the discovery of new drugs. Among the Caryophyllaceae family, Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) is an ornamental plant widely valued for its colorful flowers and pleasant fragrance. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the plant possesses pharmacological and aromatic properties that make it useful in traditional folk medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different plant growth regulators on callus induction and fresh weight production in D.caryophyllus using in vitro plant tissue culture techniques. Seeds of D. caryophyllus were surface sterilized using various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for two exposure times (5 and 10 minutes). Explant (leaf, and node) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 types of auxins ,α-Naphthaleneacetic ( NAA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D) and cytokinins 6-benzyladenine (BA), Kinetin(KIN) at different concentrations. Callus induction was evaluated after 4 weeks of culture. Seeds were best sterilized by soaking in 3% NaOCl for 5 minutes. Leaf explants produced the highest (100%) callus induction rate on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L KIN, as well as node explants. The highest fresh weight of callus recovered from nodes was 0.92 g, while leaves had a fresh weight of 0.86 g. no callus induction was observed from internode explants. Growth regulators significantly influenced callus induction and fresh weight production in D. caryophyllus. The combination of 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L KIN have reported results for callus formation, particularly from node and leaf explants, providing a useful model for further experimental studies.
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Covering Theorem for Alternating Groups For the alternating group An J. L. Brenner, through a series of papers showed that the class C of n- cycle or (n-1)- cycle, CCC covers A, for n = 4k - 1, 4k and 4k + 1, In this paper, the contumacy class of type (2)(n-2),n>6and n 1S even was studied. This class splits into two classes of A, c denoted by C and C, CCC= C'C'C was found.
Section: Physics Keywords: Kr-82 The energy level scheme of 82 Kr has been established On the basis of singles gamma spectra, gamma coincidence and Compton suppression measurements. Ge (Li) detectors were used to study the gamma spectra produced in the B- decay of Br to 82 Kr. A total of thirty-six -rays were observed. of which two at 182.9" and 454.98 kev are new. These two transitions considered are to depopulate new 5) level at 3001-31 keV Relative intensities and 10g ft values were calculated and spin / parities deduced
The Mean Time of Strip Domain Stay in Metastable State
Section: Physics Keywords: Metastable State The phenomenon of the thermoinduced jumps of the step domains length in imperfect magnetic films with perpendicular with anisotropy is studied. For describing of the strip domain transitions into other metastable states, the stochastic equation of its head movement is used. In this equation the spatial non-uniformities of the medium are modeled by the restricted random function, and thermal fluctuations by the Gaussian white noise. The dependences on the temperature and the bias field of the mean time of strip domain stay in a metastable state were calculated by the methods of the Markovian processes theory
Determination of crystallite size and strain values by fourier method for α- Al2O3
Section: Physics Keywords: crystallite size The sintering of Al(OH)3 powder for 2 hours each run in the temperature range 1673 K to 1873 K gives rise to the following crvstallization sequence: γ- Al2O3 → γ-θ -Al2O3 → θ+α- Al2O3 → α- Al2O3 The crvstallographic structures of the above products are assessed by x-ray diffraction method . The variation of crystallite size and root mean square (rms) strains in a- Al03 powder with sintering the temperature range 1673 K to 1873 K are studied by applying Fourier method using Mitra &Misra technique for 3 crystallographic reflections (104), (113) and (116). The results show that the lower temperature α- Al2O3 (1673 K) derived from Al(OH)3 produces lower crystallite size and higher rms strain . On the other hand, rms strain decreases with increasing the temperature to 1873K and the differences between the broadening of above reflections are decreased. Thus, the anisotropy higher temperature of sintering (1873K).Lower temperature sintering is reduced at1673 K of AI(OH)3 yield α- Al2O3 compacts of higher value of micro hardness number 884 and this value drops to 731 at 1873 K.
Determination of the Minimum Uncertainty States for a Rosen-Morse Potential by Using the Canonical Transformation of the Hamiltonian of the System
Section: Physics Keywords: Minimum Uncertainty States The wave functions of the minimum uncertainty states for a one- dimensional Rosen-Morse potential are obtained via exploiting Nieto's formalism for the construction of minimum uncertainty coherent states for different one-dimensional potentials and by using a canonical transformation of the Hamiltonian of the problem into a new Hamiltonian which is chosen so that it looks like a harmonic oscillator the mathematical derivations of the Nieto's procedures are presented.
Synthesis and Characterisation of some mixed-Ligand Complexes Containing N-acetyl Glycine and Pyridine with some Metal Ions.
Section: Chemistry Keywords: mixed-Ligand Complexes Some meta ions Mn+2, Fe+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Cd-2, Hg+2 complexes of N-acetyl glycine (NAGH) and (pyridine) have been synthesized and then characterized on the basis of their (C.H.N) analysis, IR.UV-Visible spectroscopy and conductive measurements and Magnetic susceptibility. From the results obtained, the following general formula has been given for the prepared complexes: [M+n(NAG): (Py):] XC2H5OH, where M= Mn+2, Fe+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Cd-2, Hg+2 n=2.X=01 (NAG) =Ligand ion (N-acetylglycinato( py = pyridine
Brucella Blastongenesis of Rabbits Lymphocytes Sensitized with Outer Membrane Proteins. Lipopolyccharide and Lipid-A. Associated Protein Extracted from melitensis.
Section: Biology Keywords: Brucella The study conformed rabbit lymphocytes on Blastogenesis assay was sensitized with outer membrane proteins (OMP), lipopoly saccharine LPS) and Lipid. A. Associated protein (LPA) extracted from brucella (filed strain). Results showed that there was an increase in melitensis the mitotic index (M.I) induced by LPA (19,48) and OMP (11.7) with while LPS induced lower value of MI (7.61).
Effect of Using Programming Instructions by Computers on the Achievement of Students and their Motivation to Learning Electrical Power of Electronics Subject
Section: Computer Keywords: Programming Instructions The aims of this research is to know the effect of using programming teaching by computers on the achievement of student and their motivation to learning electrical power electronics subject the sample is (45) students of the second class in Electrical Techniques in Technical Institute in Nassirviah at (2000-2001) that was divided into three equivalent groups by using equivalent groups designed. A choice of four titles in Electrical power Electronics and designed then by programming teaching and designed four computer teaching programes with roles of programming teaching . The final achievement test built from multiple choice that has validity and reliability consisting of (40) questions . And we designed the instrument f attitudes of students to subject before teaching consisting of (9) paragraphs and after teaching consisting of (13) paragraphs has validity and reliability. The instrument before teaching applied . has shown no statistical differences between the three groups traditional methods , and first. After that the control teaching by experimental by traditional methods and programming instruction ;and second experimental by traditional methods and programming the final achievement instruction by computer .After that we applied for testing. Test and instrument of motivation after teaching Coloration coefficient , ratio weighted we used Pearson and critical ratio as statistical methods .The findings are supremacy students of the second experimental group and control group at series in achievement and motivation to learning on the experiment group and control group.
Diagnosing Poultry Diseases Expert System
Section: Computer Keywords: Poultry Diseases Expert System We built and implemented an expert system capable of diagnosing poultry diseases by simulating computer programs using "Prolog" language. Depending on expertise taken form experts, book scientific magazines and applied studies on diseases of poultry animal medical centers in the situated in governorate. A number of interviews and live observations have been conducted where knowledge was edited, ordered and put into special structure in the language used in writing and programming the system A number of very common diseases have been selected equals (l3) diseases to be diagnosed by a series of symptoms of each disease. Knowledge has been incorporated into the expert system by using inference rules. The system depends on an interactive style to interface with the use by using menu driven method. The ultimate linal results have been presented to the expert system alter lasting stage which includes three medical centers in the governorate where the system has been applied to (120) case studies and the expert system has proven its efficiency in the test.
Information Security Study for Information Hiding in Electronic Computers
Section: Computer Keywords: Information Hiding Cryptographic technologies are nowadays widely recognized asthe essential tool for security and trust in electronic communication. The research produces some important methods to hide information like this hide secret messages in other messages, graphic images and sound files.
Studying of Triangle Spread Function for Optical System includes Square Aperture and Compare with Circular Aperture ,
Section: Physics Keywords: Triangle Spread Function In this research: the triangle spread function (concluded from pupil function technique) has been regarded, to find image intensity from triangle object in optical system includes square aperture to compare with concluded values from (2.). The results shown that the square aperture contributes little Improvement on resolving power, and increases the depth of focus.