Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Street, Storm and Suspended Dust in Al-Zafaraniya Area, Baghdad- Iraq

Authors

Azhar F.M. Aljewari Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn- Al-Haitham) University of Baghdad, Baghdad,Iraq.
Ibrahim M.A. Al-Salman Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn- Al-Haitham) University of Baghdad, Baghdad,Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30526/36.1.2973

Keywords:

Air pollution, Heavy elements, Street dust, Storm dust, Suspended dust.

Abstract

The current study was applied in Al-Zafaraniya area southeast of the capital Baghdad from October 2021 to April 2022. This is to evaluate some heavy elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mn) in the street, storm, and suspended dust. Four sampling sites were selected, and codes A, B, C, and D were given to represent the industrial activity sites, service workshops, business activity, and residential areas.

The results showed that the concentration rates of elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn) in street dust samples were (1.15, 6.6, 60.15, 26770, 44.4, 6, 489.8). In storm dust (2, 10, 49.3, 54760, 24.3, 827.2) ppm, respectively, the results of suspended dust revealed that the general rates of element concentrations were (0.707, 3.546, 3.727, 83.204, 1.076, 8.706) μg/m3, respectively. The results also showed the frequency of the appearance of the same elements and different concentrations in the three types of dust. They also indicate that each other interacted in increasing and continuing to expose the city atmosphere to the air loaded with hazardous metals to the health of human society and the components of the city's ecosystem.

It can also be concluded from the values and variations of the elements that there are several environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, air currents, local and regional storm surges, and irregular distribution of vegetation, can be attributed to the main reason in the deference values of heavy elements and their presence in the street, storm and suspended dust

References

Alazzawi, S.A.A.Industrial Sites and Their Role in Air Pollution in Kirkuk City. J. Al- Farahidi Arts, 2018,10, 34, 215-232.

Abdul Rahman, M.A. ; Ibrahim, N.N. Environmental Pollution and the need for environmental awareness. Al- ADAB JOURNAL.2020, 1(135),411-428.

Ali, M.O. Study of pollution by heavy elements in some parts of Baghdad. Baghdad Sci. J., 2010, 7, 2, 955-962.

Antić, I. , Škrbić, B.D. , Matamoros, V. ; Bayona, J.M . Does the application of human waste as a fertilization material in agricultural production pose adverse effects on human health attributable to contaminants of emerging concern? Environ. Res., doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020,109132. Epub, Jan 11.

Shammi, S.; Salam, A.; Khan, A.. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soils, plants, and in the atmospheric particulate matter of a suburban industrial region in Dhaka, Bangladesh. MAH. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2021, 193, 2, 104.

Bonito, M.D. Trace elements in soil pore water: a comparison of sampling methods PhD., University of Nottingham, 2005, 263p.

Mamouri, B.J.A.; Afaj, A.H. and Al-Alali, I.A. Air Quality in the city of Baghdad in 2010. J. Coll. Educ. Woman, 2010, 27, 2, 461-474.

Yasieen, M.T.; Jabir, W.S. Analysis the Relationship Between Dust Emissions and Traffic Conditions. Iraqi J. Mechan. Mat. Engin., 2014,14, 4, 448-460.

Drazi, S.A. Plants as a Biomonitor of Air Pollution in Dust and Heavy Metals in Baghdad City. MSc. Thesis. College of Education for Pure Sciences/Ibin-Al-Haytham/Baghdad University. 2018, 120pp.

Al-Khafaji, S.N. Dust Storms in Southern Iraq and their Environmental Impacts. Al-Bahith J., 2021, 8th April, 774-790.

Mohammed, J.H. Study of monthly and hourly repetitions for rising dust phenomena to selected stations in Iraq. Tikrit J. Pure Sci., 2013, 18, 5, 194-200.

Al-Jubouri, S.H.A. Effect of wind speed variation on frequency of dust storms in Iraq. J. Kerbala Univ., 2013,11, 4, 264-281.

Shihb, A.S.; Taha, T.A. Suspended Particulates Levels in the Left Bank Residential Areas of Mosul City and Its Relation with some Meteorological Factors. University of Mosul. Environ. Poll. Cont. Res. Center. 2013, 22, 3,158-164.

Hassan, A . Zafaraniya, an open trip from advance to countryside. https://al-aalem.com/news/47166. www.9 March.2022.

Baghdad Municipality. Office of designs, Geographical information department. 2022.

Victoria, A.; Cobbina, S.J.; Dampare, S.B. ; Duwiejuah, A.B. Heavy metals concentration in road dust in the Bolgatanga municipality, Ghana. J. Environ. Pollut. Human Health, 2014, 2, 4, 74-80.

Ali, M.O. Study of Pollution by heavy elements in some parts of Baghdad. Baghdad Sci. J., 2010, 7, 2, 955-962.

AMBIO (2022). Health Hazards of Environmental Cadmium Pollution. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4312046. journal article.18/7/2022. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2022, 28, 13, 16065-16080. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11794-w. Epub Nov 27.PMID: 33244701.

Zaho, Y.; Zaho, C. Concentration and Distribution Analysis of Heavy Metals in Total Suspended Particulates along Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012,13,1405-1411.

Mutlag, N.; Al Duhaidahawi, F.; Jawad, H.; Hassan, W. ; Ali, E. Evaluating the Effect of Dust at Al Kufa Cement Plant on humans Health, Plants and Microorganisms in South of Al-Najaf Al-Alshraf. Ann. Trop. Med. Public Health; 2020, 23, S13B, SP231358.

Jassim, H.H. Ecological Geological Study of Street dust within some areas of Al- Rusafa / Baghdad City / Iraq. MSc. thesis. College of Education for Pure Science / Ibn Al- Haitham. University of Baghdad. 2021,168 .

Hussain, H.M.; Al-Ansari, N. ; Knutsson, S. The Effect of the Industrial Activities on Air Pollution at Baiji and Its Surrounding Areas, Iraq. Engineering, 2016, 8, 34-44.

Andersson, L.; Hedbrant, A.; Persson, A.; Bryngelsson, L.; Sjögren, B.; Stockfelt, L.; Särndahl, E.; Westberg, H. Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in the Swedish hard metal industry, in particular to cobalt. Biomarkers. 2021, 26, 6, 557-569.

Al-Khashman, O. A. Determination of Metal Accumulation in Deposited Street Dusts in Amman - Jordan. Environ. Geoche Health, 2007, 3, 29, 197-207.

Al-Dabbas, M.A.; Hassan, K.; Mahdi, K.H. Heavymetals characteristics of settled particles of streets dust from Diwaniyah City- Qadisiyah Governorate-Southern Iraq. J. Phys., Conf. Ser., 2018,1-11.

Fayad, N.K.; Al-Noor, T.H. ; Al-Noor, N.H. Lead, Nickel, Copper, Cadmium and Zinc concentrations in airborne particulates and Lead in Blood, in Al- Tarmiayh city, north Baghdad-Iraq. conference: Environmental pollution in Arabic cities. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2012, 2, 8,1-9p.

Cai, K.; Li, C. ; Sanggyun, N. Spatial Distribution, Pollution Source, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Depositions: A Case Study from the Sustainable City of Shijiazhuang, China. J. Atmosphere, 2019, 10, 1-15.

Lu, X.L.; Wang, K.; Lei, J.H.; Zhai, Y. Contamination assessme of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J. Hazardous Mat., 2009, 161, 1058-1062.

Al- Hashmi, A.M.A. and Al- Shammari, A. K.H. Spatial analysis of air pollution in suspended particules and heavy elements in urban centers in Wasit Governorate. Al Qadisiya Human. Sci., 2020, 23, 3, 29-69.

Gupta, R.K.; Bhanarkar, A.D.; Tamhane, S.M.; Dhopte, S.M. Assessment of In-Plant particulate Matter and its Toxic Metals Contents of Sponge Iron Industry in Goa, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 2010, 85, 614-618.

Al-Fatlawi, S.M.G.; Al-Alwani, M. Heavy metal pollution of roadside dust samples with different traffic volumes at Hilla City. Iraqi J. Mechan. Mater. Engin.,2012, 12, 4, 600-672.

WHO. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, Copenhagen, World Health Organization, Regional office for Europe. 2000.

Tchounwou, P.B.; Yedjou, C.G.; Patlolla, A.K.; Sutton, D.J. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl., 2012,101:133-64.

Al-Hesnawi, A.SH.M. Quantitative and qualitative study for Kerbala city dust and assessment the tolerance ability and treatment for some plants. PhD. thesis. College of Education for Pure Science. University of Kerbala. 2018, 146pp.

Tuzen, M. Investigation of Heavy Metal Level in Street Dust Samples in Tokat- Turkey. Journal of Trace and Metropolitan City and their Possible Impacts on the Environment. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem., 2003, 12, 2, 32-40.

Althwainy, M. N.; Alsalman, I. M. A.; Mahdi, J. H. Estimation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Solid Particles Residue Collected from Baghdad Street Dust. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci. 2013, 26, 2, 1-7.

Hu, X.; Zhang,Y.; Ding,Z.; Wang,T.; Lian,H.; Sun,Y. and Wu, J. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb,Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM 2.5 in Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Environ., 2012, 27,146-152.

Al-Hesnawi, A. SH. M. Qualitative study of street dust in some districts of Kerbala city and using plants as a Biomonitor. MSC. Thesis. College of Education for pure sciences- Kerbala Univers.