Evaluation of CRP, IL-6 and Calprotectin in Saliva of Patients Suffering From Crohn’s Disease (CD)

Authors

Fadhl Abdullah Abed Department of Basic Sciences College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Maha Adel Mahmood Department of Basic Sciences College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30526/36.4.3126

Keywords:

Salivary IL-6, CRP, Calprotectin, CD patients

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by alternating episodes of clinical relapse and remission (Wallace, 2014), with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the two primary subtypes (Souza, 2016). The present study was achieved in Baghdad teaching hospital from November 2021 to June 2022 to prove if the diagnostic marker of Crohn’s disease (CD) (IL-6, CRP and Calprotectin( are rises in saliva as in sera and if there are significant difference in the levels of those markers between the Crohn’s disease (CD)group and control group.

The recent study was measured the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL6) and calprotectin in saliva of CD patients using ELISA method as those proteins has been previously proved to be elevated in sera of CD patient.

The results of the present study noted a significant mean differences in salivary levels of each of CRP,IL6 and calprotectin between CD group and the control group ( P < 0.05 ).

The current study was proved that there is a significant positive correlation between IL-6 levels and age in all study groups (CD and control) (P <0.05) and also a significant positive correlation was found between IL-6 and CRP in CD group patients (p<0.05) respectively.

References

Kadhim, D.J.; Firhan, N.M. Belief about Medications among Sample of Iraqi Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJPS), 2018; 32-41.‏

Actis, G.C.; Pellicano, R.; Fagoonee, S.; Ribaldone, D.G., 2019. History of inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2019; 8, 11, 1970.

Lightner, A.L.; McKenna, N.P.; Alsughayer, A.; Loftus Jr, E.V.; Raffals, L.E.; Faubion, W.A.; Moir, C. Anti-TNF biologic therapy does not increase postoperative morbidity in pediatric Crohn's patients. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2019; 54, 10, 2162-2165.

Al-Abassi, H.M.; Nazal, M.F.; Ad'hiah, A.H.; Mushe'al, K.I.; Mubarak, I.H.; Alqaisy, I.A.; Kadhim, S.S. Serum profile of cytokines in Iraqi inflammatory bowel disease patients. Mustansiriya Medical Journal, 2015; 14, 2, 11.‏

Strober, W.; Fuss, I.J. Proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology, 2011; 140, 6, 1756-1767.

Williamson, S.; Munro, C.; Pickler, R.; Grap, M.J.; Elswick, R.K. 2012. Comparison of biomarkers in blood and saliva in healthy adults. Nursing Research and Practice, 2012; 2012, 246178.

Izawa, S.; Miki, K.; Liu, X.; Ogawa, N. The diurnal patterns of salivary interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in healthy young adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2013; 27, 38-41.

Juda, T.M. Salivary Interleukin 6 and its role on developing periodentitis. Iraqi National Journal Of Chemistry, 2016; 16, 1.‏

Roda, G.; Marocchi, M.; Sartini, A.; Roda, E. Cytokine networks in ulcerative colitis. Ulcers, 2011; 2011.

Wei, L.; Liu, M.; Xiong, H. Role of calprotectin as a biomarker in periodontal disease. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019; 2019.

Al-tameemi, S.; Abid, Z., Chen, W.; Alshammri, F.; Abid, H. Calprotectin may be positively associated with the severity of acne vulgaris. Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, 2022; 3, 02, 145-155.‏

Pathirana, W.G.W.; Chubb, S.P.; Gillett, M.J.; Vasikaran, S.D. Faecalcalprotectin. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 2018; 39, 3, 77.

Pruenster, M.; Vogl, T.; Roth, J.; Sperandio, M., 2016. S100A8/A9: from basic science to clinical application. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2016; 167, 120-131.

Nisapakultorn, K.; Ross, K.F.; Herzberg, M.C. Calprotectin expression in vitro by oral epithelial cells confers resistance to infection by Porphyromonasgingivalis. Infection and Immunity, 2001; 69, 7, 4242-4247.

D’Amico, F.; Nancey, S.; Danese, S.; Peyrin-Biroulet, L. 2021. A practical guide for faecalcalprotectin measurement: myths and realities. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 2021; 15, 1, 152-161.

Johne, B.; Fagerhol, M.K.; Lyberg, T.; Prydz, H.; Brandtzaeg, P.; Naess-Andresen, C.F.; Dale, I., Functional and clinical aspects of the myelomonocyte protein calprotectin. Molecular Pathology, 1997; 50, 3, 113.

Majster, M.; Almer, S.; Boström, E.A. Salivary calprotectin is elevated in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Archives of Oral Biology, 2019; 107, 104528.

Bottazzi, B.; Garlanda, C.; Teixeira, M.M. 2019. The Role of Pentraxins: From Inflammation, Tissue Repair and Immunity to Biomarkers. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019; 10, 2817.

Sjöwall, C. and Wetterö, J., 2007. Pathogenic implications for autoantibodies against C-reactive protein and other acute phase proteins. Clinicachimicaacta, 378(1-2), pp.13-23.

Rajab, L.D.; Baqain, Z.H. (2005). Use of information and communication technology among dental students at the University of Jordan. Journal of Dental Education, 2005; 69, 3, 387-398.‏

Engeland, C.G.; Bosch, J.A.; Rohleder, N. Salivary biomarkers in psychoneuroimmunology. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2019; 28, 58-65.

Mazlam, M.Z.; Hodgson, H.J. Interrelations between interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, plasma C-reactive protein values, and in vitro C-reactive protein generation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 1994; 35, 1, 77-83.

Szabo, Y.Z.,; Slavish, D.C.; Graham-Engeland, J.E. 2020. The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020; 88, 887-900.

Hirano, T. 1998. Interleukin 6 and its receptor: ten years later. International Reviews of Immunology, 1998; 16, 3-4, 249-284.

Aleksandra Nielsen, A.; Nederby Nielsen, J.; Schmedes, A.; Brandslund, I.; Hey, H., Saliva Interleukin-6 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005; 40, 12, 1444-1448.

Al-Mudhaffer, M.H.; Abdul-Ghafoor, S.H. 2013. Salivary assessment of Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and albumin in ulcerative colitis patients in relation to oral findings. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 2013; 325, 2204, 1-5.

Jorgensen, M.; Davis, K.; Kotowski, S.; Aedla, P.; Dunning, K. Characteristics of job rotation in the Midwest US manufacturing sector. Ergonomics, 2005; 48, 15, 1721-1733.

Vermeire, S.; Schreiber, S.; Petryka, R.; Kuehbacher, T.; Hebuterne, X.; Roblin, X.; Klopocka, M.; Goldis, A.; Wisniewska-Jarosinska, M.; Baranovsky, A.; Sike, R. Clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease treated with filgotinib (the FITZROY study): results from a phase 2, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2017; 389, 10066, 266-275.

Abdul Rehman, S.; Khurshid, Z.; HussainNiazi, F.; Naseem, M.; Al Waddani, H.; Sahibzada, H.A.; Sannam Khan, R. 2017. Role of salivary biomarkers in detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Proteomes, 2017; 5, 3, 21.

Haririan, H.; Andrukhov, O.; Pablik, E.; Neuhofer, M.; Moritz, A.; Rausch‐Fan, X. Comparative analysis of calcium‐binding myeloid‐related protein‐8/14 in saliva and serum of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Journal of Periodontology, 2016; 87, 2, 184-192.

Wang, C.; Mitchell, R.N.; Murphy, J.B.; Peng, P.; Spencer, C.J. The role of megacontinents in the supercontinent cycle. Geology, 2021; 49, 4, 402-406.

Bosch, J.A.; Veerman, E.C.; de Geus, E.J.; Proctor, G.B. α-Amylase as a reliable and convenient measure of sympathetic activity: don’t start salivating just yet!. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2021; 36, 4, 449-453.

Karoui, R.; De Baerdemaeker, J. A review of the analytical methods coupled with chemometric tools for the determination of the quality and identity of dairy products. Food Chemistry, 2007; 102, 3, 621-640.‏