Synthesis and Characterization of Proteolytic Enzyme Loaded on Silver Nanoparticles

Main Article Content

Hanady Salim Al-Shmgani
Mohammed A. Ashij
Khalil A. A. Khalil
Hamdoon A. Mohammed

Abstract

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme rich in cysteine proteases, extracted from the stem and fruit of pineapple (Ananas comosus). There are several therapeutic applications of the bromelain enzyme, where it has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activity, reduces joint pain, and accelerates wound healing. In the current study, bromelain enzyme was loaded on silver nanoparticles (Br-AgNPs) prepared using the citrate-reduction Turkevich method. Different characterization analyses were performed, including UV-Vis spectrophotometers, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of prepared Br-AgNPs was evaluated by DPPH assay. The results of UV-Vis showed a peak at 434 nm, which referred to the AgNPs formation, and FTIR results revealed groups of (C=O, C=C) at 1519.91 and 1539.20, respectively, and the amine group at 1384.89 and the flavonoids group at 1357.89. SEM results exhibit that the synthesized Br-AgNPs were spherical in shape, with average sizes of about 84.73 nm. Also, the AgNPs were crystalline in nature with face-centered cubic symmetry. The synthesized BR-AgNPs showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles and bromelain had a potent antioxidant effect and may be a possible therapeutic agent for many diseases in the future.

Article Details

How to Cite
[1]
Salim Al-Shmgani , H. et al. 2024. Synthesis and Characterization of Proteolytic Enzyme Loaded on Silver Nanoparticles. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences. 37, 1 (Jan. 2024), 43–53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30526/37.1.3300.
Section
Biology

Publication Dates

References

Alwan, G.Z; Aziz, W.J; Sabry, R.S. Producing hydrogen energy using Cr2O3-TiO2 nanocomposite with animal (chitosan) extract via photocatalaysis. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2022, 20, 4, 10-12.

Kambale, E.K; Nkanga, C.I; Mutonkole, B.I; Bapolisi, A.M; Tassa, D.O ; Liesse, J.I; Krause, R.W.M; Memvanga, P.B. Green synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts from three Congolese plant species (Brillantaisia patula, Crossopteryx febrifuga and Senna siamea). Heliyon 2020; 6, 8, 1-9.

Nakamura,S; Sato, M; Sato,Y; Ando, N; Takayama,T; Fujita, M; Ishihara M. Synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) for the prevention of infection in healthcare workers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019; 20, 15, 2-18

Silva-López, R.E. Debridement Applications of Bromelain: A Complex of Cysteine Proteases from Pineapple. Adv. Biotech. Micro, 2017; 3, 5, 00124-00126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19080/AIBM.2017.03.555624

Muhammad, Z.A; Ahmad, T. Therapeutic uses of pineapple-extracted bromelain in surgical care -A review. J. Pak. Med. Assoc., 2017; 67, 1, 121-125.

Sahin, A.A. Bromelain. A Potential Therapeutic Compound from Ananas Comosus. Lokman Hekim Health Sci., 2021; 1, 3, 89-99.

Hikisz, P; Bernasinska-Slomczewska, J. Beneficial properties of Bromelain. Nutrients 2021; 13, 4313, 2-36.

Qaddoori, M.H.; Al-Shmgani, H.S. Galangin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: Molecular Mechanisms of Antiangiogenesis Properties in Breast Cancer. Int J Breast Cancer, 2023; article ID 3251211, 14.

Li, X.; Yang Z; Peng Y. The interaction of silver nanoparticles with papain and bromelain. New J. Chem., 2018, 10, 1039.

Al-Shmgani, H.S.; Mohammed, W.H; Sulaiman, G.M; Saadoon, A.H. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus leaf extract and assessing their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol., 2017; 45, 6, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1220950

Amer, A.A; Abdul Karem, L.K. Biological Evaluation and Antioxidant Studies of Nio, Pdo and Pt Nanoparticles Synthesized from a New Schiff Base Complexes. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2022; 35, 4, 170-182

Benakashani, F; Allafchian, A.R; Jalali, S.A.H. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Capparis spinosa L. leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Karbala Int. J. Mod. Sci., 2016; 2, 0, 251-258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kijoms.2016.08.004

Abed, M.A. Antibacterial activity of both Nigella sativa extracts and silver nanoparticles of Salmonella enterica from blood samples of Iraqi patients. MSc Thesis, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, 2021; 131.

Al-Shmgani, H.S.; Kadri, Z.H.M.; Al-Halbosiy, M.M.; Dewir, Y. H. Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of cuckoo pint (Arum maculatum) leaf extract. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 2020; 63, 2, 119–124.

Poadang, S; Yongranich, N. Phongtongpasuk. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from Aqueous Peel Extract of Pineapple, Ananas comosus . CMU J. Nat. Sci., 2017; 16, 2, 123 ـ133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12982/cmujns.2017.0010

Abdul Latif, M.H; Mahmood, Y.F. Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose and preparation of nano-crystalline cellulose from tropical water hyacinth. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2018; 31, 1, 180-188.

Bensebaa, F. Interface Science and Technology. Nanoparticle Technologies - From Lab to Market. Biomedical, 2013; 19, 385–427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-369550-5.00006-9

Ahmad , N; Sharma , S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of Ananas comosus . Green Sustain. Chem., 2012; 2, 4, 141-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2012.24020

Acharya, D.; Mohanta, B.; Pandey, P. Green synthesis of Silver and Silver-gold core-shell nanoparticles using Pineapple leaf extract (Ananas comosus) and study of their antibacterial properties. Int. J. Nano Dimens., 2021; 12, 3, 203-210.

Mohammed, A.M.; Sultan, M.T. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of new Nano Schiff bases Composites. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2022; 33, 3, 60-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30526/33.3.2473

Nasruddin, A; Amid, A; Sulaiman, S; Othman, M.E.F. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using recombination bromelain. Biol. Nat. Res. Eng. J., 2018, 1, 1, 14 -24.

Emeka, E.E; Ojiefoh, O.C; Aleruchi, C; Hassan, L.A.; Christina, O.M; Rebecca,M; Dare, E.O; Temitope, A.E. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles green-synthesized using pineapple leaf (Ananas comosus). Micron, 2013; 57, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2013.09.003

Hamdiani, S.; Fong Shih, Y. A Green Method for Synthesis of silver-nanoparticles-diatomite (AgNPs-D) composite from pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf extract. Indones. J. Chem., 2021; 21, 3, 740–752 .

Brito, A.M.M.; Oliveira, V.; Icimoto, M.Y; Nantes-Cardoso, I.L. Collagenase Activity of Bromelain Immobilized at Gold Nanoparticle Interfaces for Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceutics, 2021; 13, 8, 1-13.

Kumar, H., Bhardwaj, K., Dhanjal, D.S., Nepovimova, E., Sen, F.; Regassa, H.; Verma, R.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, D.; Bhatia, S.K.; Kuca, K. Fruit extract mediated green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: a new avenue in pomology applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020; 2-18.

Hashib, S.A.; Omar, S.M.Z; Mustapa, A.N. Silver nanoparticle synthesis using pineapple waste. Malays. J. Chem. Eng.Technol., 2018; 1, 2018, 68–74.

Ataide, J.; Geraldes, D.C.; Gerios, E.F.; Bissaco, F.M.; Gefali, L.C.; Oliverira-Nascimento, L.; Mazzola, P.G. Freeze-dried chitosan nanoparticles to stabilize and deliver bromelain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol., 2020; 30, 40, 1-9.

Abdul Ghafoor, D.; Saod, W.M.; Mohammed, N. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using pineapple extract and study their analytical characterization and antibacterial activity. Sys. Rev. Pharm., 2018; 11, 2, 462- 465.

Hawar, S.H; Al-Shmgani, H.S.; Al-Kubaisi, Z.A.; Sulaiman, G.M.; Dewir, Y.H. Rikisahedew, J.J. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from alhagi graecorum leaf extract and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. J. Nanomaterials, 2022; Article ID 1058119, 8.

Das, G.; Patra, J.K; Debnath, T; Ansari, A; Shin, H. Investigation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and cytotoxicity potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the outer peel extract of Ananas comosus (L.). PLOS ONE, 2019; 14, 8, 1-19.

Balavijayalakshmi, J.; Ramalakshmi, V. Carica papaya peel mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against human pathogens. J. Appl. Res. Technol., 2017; 15, 5, 413–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.03.010

Al-Dulimi, A.G.; Al-Saffar, A.Z; Sulaiman, G.M.; Khalil, Kh.A.A.; Khashan, Kh. S.; Al-Shmgani, H.S.; Ahmed, E. M. Immobilization of l-asparaginase on gold nanoparticles for novel drug delivery approach as anti-cancer agent against human breast carcinoma cells. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020; 9, 6, 15394-15411.

Ataide, J.A.; Cefali, L.C.; Figueiredo, M.C.; Braga, L.E.; Ruiz, A.T.G.; Foglio, M.A.; Olivera-nascimento, L.; Mazzola, P.G. In vitro performance of free and encapsulated bromelain. Nat. Portfolio, 2021; 10, 21, 1-9.