Knowledge and Attitude of Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Male Bodybuilders in Al-Russafa Baghdad Province
Main Article Content
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids are being more popular between bodybuilders and people who are using gym to enhance their physiques. However, according to the increase of the laws prohibiting sales of these substances without physician prescription, the route of getting and administration practices have become more and more dangerous. Anabolic androgenic steroids include many synthetic derivatives of testosterone its play a significant role in medical treatment. These groups of medications are extensively abused at young ages to rising lean body mass and advance the athletic quality of performance. It has been described that anabolic steroids use can cause many long and short-term side effects, this study intended to assess the level of knowledge about AAS and its effects among gym users. 50 bodybuilders were using gym routinely and were using AASs for at least 2 months and another who were using gym routinely but never use AAS before were interviewed to show their knowledge about short and long term AASs using side effects. Participants used androgenic hormones for three main reasons health, social and personal, vast majority of the participants obtained the required results by using AAS, The majority of participants were going into the gym five to six times weekly for an hour daily. Enanthate was the main steroid abused by the participants and the gym coaches were the major source of selling steroids to the participants. The anabolic androgenic steroids had a harmful effect and abused by large number of young ages.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTerms
Publication Dates
References
Barkoukis, V.; Lazuras, L.; Tsorbatzoudis,H.; Rodafinos,A.; Motivational and sportspersonship profiles of elite athletes in relation to doping behavior, Psychol Sport Exerc, 2011,12(3),205–12.
Holt, RIG.; Erotokritou-Mulligan, I.; Sönksen, PH.; The history of doping and growth hormone abuse in sport, Growth Horm IGF Res, 2009,19(4),320–6.
Ambrose, PJ.; An advanced pharmacy practice experience in sports pharmacy, Am J Pharm Educ [Internet], 2008 Feb,15;72(1),19. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18322580
Khan, N.; Noushad, S.; Ahmed, S.; Sports Pharmacy as an Emerging Health Science Field, a Perspective on the Global and National Scope, Int J ENDORSING Heal Sci Res. 2018 Mar,1;6,58.
Hearne, E.; Wazaify, M.; Van Hout, MC.; Atkinson, A.; McVeigh, J.; Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, a Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature, Int J Ment Health Addict [Internet], 2021,19(4),1162–89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00217-8
Baumann, GP.; Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies, Endocr Rev., 2012,33(2),155–86.
Bjørnebekk, A.; Walhovd, KB.; Jørstad, ML.; Due-Tønnessen, P.; Hullstein, IR.; Fjell, AM.; Structural brain imaging of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users and nonusing weightlifters, Biol Psychiatry, 2017,82(4),294–302.
Kanayama, G.; Pope, Jr. HG.; Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: recent advances, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2012,19(3),211.
Al Bishi, KA.; Afify, A.; Prevalence and awareness of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among gymnasts in the western province of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Electron physician, 2017,9(12),6050.
Al-Falasi, O.; Al-Dahmani, K.; Al-Eisaei, K.; Al-Ameri, S.; Al-Maskari, F.; Nagelkerke, N.; et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of anabolic steroids use among gym users in Al-Ain district, United Arab Emirates, Open Sport Med J. 2008,2,75–81.
Mohammad, H.; Anabolic-androgenic steroids amongst Kuwaiti males, Coll Stud J. 2014,48(1),120–9.
Alharbi, FF.; Gamaleddin, I.; Alharbi, SF.; Almodayfer, O.; Allohidan, F.; Alghobain, M.; et al. Knowledge, attitudes and use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male gym users, A community based survey in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Pharm J. 2019,27(2),254–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.007
Uddin, Z.; Iqbal, Q.; Haider, S.; Saleem, F.; Usage and perceptions of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male gym attendees in Quetta city, Pakistan–a descriptive analysis, Res Pharm Heal Sci. 2019,5(2),152–7.
Althobiti, S.; Alqurashi, N.; Alotaibi, A.; Alharthi, T.; Alswat, K.; Prevalence, Attitude, Knowledge, and Practice of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use Among Gym Participants, Mater Socio Medica, 2018,30(1),49.
El Osta, R.; Almont, T.; Diligent, C.; Hubert, N.; Eschwège, P.; Hubert, J.; Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility, Basic Clin Androl, 2016,26(1),1–8.
Hitti, EA.; Melki, JP.; Mufarrij, AJ.; The prevalence and determinants of anabolic steroid use among fitness centre attendees in Lebanon. Int Sport J, 2014,15(4):391–401.
Razavi, Z.; Moeini, B.; Shafiei, Y.; Bazmamoun, H.; Prevalence of anabolic steroid use and associated factors among bodybuilders in Hamadan, western province of Iran, J Res Health Sci. 2014,14(2),163–6.
Fijan A, Eftekhari MH, Dashtabi A. The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid misuse and its associated factors among bodybuilders in Shiraz, Iran. Int J Nutr Sci. 2018;3(3):151–6.
Yager Z, O’Dea JA. Relationships between body image, nutritional supplement use, and attitudes towards doping in sport among adolescent boys: Implications for prevention programs. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11(1).
Nilsson S, Spak F, Marklund B, Baigi A, Allebeck P. Attitudes and behaviors with regards to androgenic anabolic steroids among male adolescents in a county of Sweden. Subst Use Misuse. 2004;39(8):1183–97.