Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Fertilization with Plant Residues on the Growth of Chard Plant

Authors

Radhiyah Ali Hasan Ahmad Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2698-4808

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30526/37.1.3168

Keywords:

Celery, Mint, Black bean, Mycorrhiza, Chard plant.

Abstract

In order to study the effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza and fertilization with plant residues on the growth of plants, we used two factors: the first two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation, Glumus mossea (0 and 10 g.pot^-1) and the second factor, four levels of plant residues (10 g.pot^-1) celery plant residues, 10 g pot^-1 mint residues, and 10 g pot^-1 black bean seed residues. Mychorrizal treatment (10 g pot^-1) increased the number of mycorrhiza spores and the infection percentage of mycorrhizal by 917.44% and 13088.23%, respectively; celery treatment (10 g.pot^-1) increased the chlorophyll index in the leaves and height of the chard plant by 31.34% and 94.04%, respectively; and black seed treatment (10 g.pot^-1) increased the percentage of dry matter in the leaves and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves by 81.51% and 53.36%, respectively.The results showed the bilateral interactions between the experimental factors that the treatment of mycorrhizal inoculation exceeded (10 g pot^-1) and celery (10 g.pot^-1) residues in most of the study parameters in each of the Total Chlorophyll index in the leaves (SPAD), plant height, percentage of dry matter in the leaves (%), percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves, number of mycorrhiza spores, and infection percentage of mycorrhizal were (46%, 150.89%, 139.88%, 92.07%, 3283.45%, and 4000%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.

References

Al-Kaisy. W A.; Al-Hallaq, A.M.; Hasan, R.A .; Al-Adhami, L. Q. The effect of Mentha viridis and Apium graveolens leaves on growth of Beta vulgar var. cilica. J. Coll. Basic Educ. Pure Sci., 2019; 103, 545-558.

Rafiee, H.; Naghdi, A.; Mehrafarin, H.N.; Zarinpanjeh, A.; Sekara, A.; Zand, E. Application of plant biostimulants as new approach to improve the biological responses of medicinal plants-A Critical Review. J. Med. Plants, 2016; 15, 59, 1-34.

Saini, I.; Aggarwal, A.; Kaushik, P. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and other microbes to improve the morpho –physiological and floral traits of Gazania rigens .L. gaertn. J. Agric. 2019; 9, 5.

Ahmed, M.A.B.; Meawad, A.A.A.; Abdelkader, M.A.I. Effect of Miniral, Organic and Bio-fertilizers combinations on growth, yield components and volatile oil of Matricaria chamomilla Plant. Zagazig. J. Agric. Res. 2019; 6B.

Oliveira, J.S.F.; Xavier, L.P.; Lins Andrade, E.H.A.; Maia, J.G.S.; Mello, A.H.; Setzer, W.N.; Ramos, A.R.; da Silva J.K. Effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the composition of the essential oil, plant growth, and lipoxygenase activity of Piper aduncum L. AMB Express, 2019; 9, 29.

Kooti, W.; Akbri, A.; Asdi-Simoan, M.; Ghader, H.; Ashtary-Larky, D. A review on medicinal plant of Apium graveolens. Adv. Herb., 2014, 1, 1, 48-59.

Hassan, Z.I. Effect of Mychorrizae,Nano Fertilizer and Gibberilic acid on growth and volatile oil content of Mentha piperita L. Doctoral dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2021.

Tiruppur-Venkatachallam, S.K.; Pattekhan, H.; Divakar, S.; Kadimi, U.S. Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Sci Technol. 2010; 47, 6, 598-605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0109-y

Al-Halabi, H.E.S. Effect of cytokinin and NPK compound fertilizer on growth and active compounds of Nigella sativa L. Master's Thesis. Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, 2012.

Al-Saedi, A.J.; Al-Kazzaz, A.G.M.; Yahya, S.; Hamed, R.H. Improvement the growth of Nigella sativa L. affected by hydrogen peroxide by foliar spraying with glutamic acid. Ibn Al- Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2016; 29, 1, 377-386.

Al-Asadi, M. H. S. The basics of medicinal plants and Their Active Constituents. House of books and Documents, 2018; 243-276.

Abdul-Qader, Z.M. Influence of planting date, fertilizer and biostimulants on growth and chemical composition of sweet leaf Stevia rebaudiana Bertony. Doctoral dissertation, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2018.

Al-Kaisy W.A.; Al-Hallaq, A.M.; Hasan, R.A.; Hammodi, N.M.J. The effect of seed peels of Nigella sativa L. and Brassica nigra on growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Plant Arch., 2020; 20, Supplement 1, 2845-2848

Ahmad, R.A.H. The effect of usage tow methods of garlic extraction (foliar and ground application) on the growth of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. Institute of Physics Publishing. J. Physics. 2021; 1879, 022021.

Shakir, Z.A.; Salman, F.A. Effect of Organic and Bio-fertilizer on some growth and physiological indicators of chili pepper cultivars. Kufa J. Agric. Sci., 2021; 13, 2, 53-60.

Mahjoub, D.R.. Effect of Biofertilizers, Gibberellin and Flowering_ setting on the growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Master’s thesis, College of Agricultureal Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2021.

Ahmad,R.A.H. Effect of Mycorrhiza, Cytokinin and Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Chamomile Plant (Matricaria recutitia L). Indian J. Ecol., 2022; 49, 20, 119-125.

Page, A.L.; Miller, R.H.; Keeney, D.R. Methods of soil analysis. Soc of Agron. Madison. Wisconsin. 1982; Part (2) 2nd .ed. Agrnomy series 9. Amer. USA.

Joslyn, M.A. Methods in food analysis. physical. chemical and instrumeutel Methods of analysis. 9. 2nd ed. Academic press New York and London, J. Assoc. Offic. Analyt. Chemists, 1970; 54, 1, 244.

Gaur, A.C.; Adholya, A. Estimation of VAM spores in soil a modified method. Mycorrhiza News, 1994; 9, 10-11.

Kormanik, P.P.; Bryan, W.C.; Schultz R.C. Procedures and equipment for staining large numbers of plant root samples for endomycorrhizal assay. Can. J. Microbial. 1980; 26, 536-538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/m80-090

Haselwandter, K.; Haas, H.; Haninger, G.; Winkelman, G. Siderophores in plant root tissue: Tagetes patula nana colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Springer, 2020; 33(2-3),137-146.

Verma, S.K; Verma, M.A. Text Book of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramangar, New Delhi, 2010; 112.

Salman, A.D. Effect of Ozone Enrichment, Spraying of Organic Nutrients and Type of Nutrient Solution on Growth and Yield of Broccoli under Modified Hydroponics NFT system. Doctoral dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2021.

Siddiqui, M.H.; Al-Whaibi, M.H.;.Sakran, A.M.; Basalah, M.O.; Ali, H.M. Effect of Calcium and Potassium on antioxidant system of Vicia faba L. under cadmium stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012,13, 6604-6619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13066604

Willer, H.; Lernoud, J. The world of organic agriculture, statistics and emerging trends. Int. Federation Organic Agric. Mov., (IFOAM), 2019; 27-35.

Latif, S. A. A. ; Mustafa, H. A. 'Effect of biofertilizers and carbolizer on growth of Gerbera plan (Gerbera jameonii). J. Plant Arch., 2019; 19, 1, 1733.

Hassn, I. A. Effect of adding organic Fertilizer and Bio inoculate on growth traits and Som Secondary metabolite Compounds of Basil Ocimum basilicum L. Doctoral dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2019.

Al-Silmawy, N.J. Effect of Combination of biofertilizers and vermicompost in phosphorous rercommendation on growth and yield of cauliflower in calcareous soil / Wasit governorate. Doctoral dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, 2021.

Abdel-Fattah, G.M.; Asrar, A.W.A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal application to improve growth and tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown in saline soil. Acta Physiol Plant, 2012; 34, 267–277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0825-6