Detection of Some Virulence Factors in Candida albicans Obtained From Different Clinical Specimens of Iraqi Patients
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Candida albicans is a diploid polymorphic yeast that is found as part of the normal microbial flora in most healthy humans. It’s usually a harmless colonizer of mucosal surfaces; it can, however, cause disease in the case where the host suffers from a weakened immune system or is immunocompromised. The present investigation was carried out to detect and investigate the prevalence of some virulence factors, which include coagulase production, biofilm formation, and phospholipase distribution among Candida albicans isolated from different clinical samples, including oral cavity and respiratory tract, which were collected from May to August 2022 and numbered 280 of different ages and genders of Iraqi patients suspected of respiratory diseases and candidiasis. After detection, among the 102 positive samples, results showed that 58 (56.86%) were from the oral cavity and 44 (43.14%) were from the respiratory tract. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species among the six types collected of Candida species, while Candida glabrata was the least prevalent. All of the yeast was identified using several conventional methods, such as chlamydospore generation and germ tube production, and grown on HiCrome Candida medium, which was confirmed using the VITEK-2 system. Biofilm activity was strong in 34 (48.57%) of Candida albicans isolates, while 45 (64.29%) strong isolates produced phospholipase and 59 (84.29%) isolates had the ability to produce coagulase.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTerms
Publication Dates
References
Brown, G.D.; Denning, D.W.; Gow, N.A,; Levitz, S.M,; Netea, M.G.; White, T.C. Hidden killers human fungal infections. Science Translational Medicine 2012, 4, 165, 165rv13. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404.
Hibbett, D.S,; Blackwell, M.; James, T.Y.; Spatafora, J.W.; Taylor, J.W.; Vilgalys, R. Phylogenetic taxon definitions for fungi, dikarya, ascomycota and basidiomycota. IMA fungus 2018, 9, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.05.
Pfaller, M. A.; Diekema, D. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2007, 20, 1,133-163. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00029-06.
Cannon, R.D.; Lamping, E.; Holmes, A.R.; Niimi, K.; Baret, P.V.; Keniya, M.V.; Tanabe, K.; Niimi, M.; Goffeau, A.; Monk, B.C. Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2009, 22, 2, 291-321. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00051-08
Mogavero, S.; Sauer, F.M.; Brunke, S.; Allert, S.; Schulz, D.; Wisgott, S.; Jablonowski, N.; Elshafee, O.; Krüger, T.; Kniemeyer, O.; Brakhage, A.A. Candidalysin delivery to the invasion pocket is critical for host epithelial damage induced by Candida albicans. Cellular Microbiology 2021, 23, 10, e13378. DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13378.
Richardson, J. P.; Ho, J.; Naglik, J.R. Candida–epithelial interactions. Journal of fungi 2018, 4, 1, 22. doi: 10.3390/jof4010022.
Sousa, L.V.N.F.; Santos, V. L.; Monteiro, A.S.; Dias-Sousa, M.V.; Marques, S.G.; Faria, E. S.; Assuncao, E.A.O.; Santos, S.G.; Zonis, G. M.; Alvarenga, D.G.; Holanda, R.A.; Sousa, J.G.; Santos, K.V.; Stoianoff, M.A.R . Isolation and identification of Candida species in patients with orogastric cancer: susceptibility to antifungal drugs attributes of virulence in vitro and immune response phenotype. BMC Infect 2016, 16, 86-92. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1431-4
Kang, J.; He, Y.; Hetzl, D.; Jiang, H.Q.; Jun, M.K.; Jun, M.S.; Khng, M.; Cirillo, N.; McCullough, M.J. A Candida assessment of the link between oral Candida containing biofilms and oral cancer. Advances in Microbiology 2016, 6, 02, 115. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.62012.
Lone, M. S.; Bashir, G.; Bali, N.; Sajad, S.; Aejas, S.; Bashir, H.; Ahmad, J. Oral Candida colonization and infection in cancer patients and their antifungal susceptibility in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Inter. J. Adv. Res 2014, 2, 5, 541-550.
Nikolic, M.; Smiljkovic, M.; Markovic, T.; Cirica, A.; Glamoclija, J.; Markovic, D.; Sokovic, M.; Sensitivity of clinical isolates of Candida to essential oils from Burseraceae family. Excli Journal 2016, 15, 280. doi: 10.17179/excli2014-621.
Martins, N.; Ferreira, I.C.; Barros. L.; Silva, S.; Henriques, M. Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment. Mycopathologia 2014,177, 5-6, 223-40. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1.
Patil, S.; Rao, R.S.; Majumdar, B.; Anil, S. Clinical appearance of oral Candida infection and therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology 2015, 6, 1391. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391.
Jain, M.; Shah, R.; Chandolia, B.; Mathur, A.; Chauhan,Y.; Chawda, J.; Mosby, S.; Bhagalia, S. The oral carriage of Candida in oral cancer patients of Indian origin undergoing radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 2016, 10, 2, 17. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/15702.7180.
Ellis, D.H.; Davis, S.; Alexiou, H.; Handke, R.; Bartley, R. Descriptions of medical fungi. Adelaide University of Adelaide; 2007. http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Jungle/Descriptions.html.
Mohammed, S.M.; Ali, I.A. Molecular Study of Tow Fungi Millerozyma Farinosaand Candida Orthpsilosis BY PCR Using ITS Gene and Phylogenetic Structuring Tree isolated From Diabetic Patient in Baghdad. Plant Archives 2020, 20, 1, 2003-2009.
Mc Ginnis, D. Laboratory Handbook of Medical Mycology, 1980.
Katafa, A.J.; Hamid, M.K. Influence of ZnO Nanoparticles on Candida albicans of Human Male Pleural Fluid. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2020, 61, 3 540-549. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.3.10.
Mohammed, N.A.; Muhsen, T.A.; Risan, M.H. Isolation & diagnosis of some Candida species from some Baghdad city hospitals with PCR technique & evaluation of the effectiveness of some antifungals. Plant Archives 2020, 20, 2, 3895-900.
Aldossary, M.A.; Almansour, N.A.; Abdulraheem, B.S. Isolation and identification of Candida species from the oral cavity of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Biology Agriculture and Healthcare 2016, 6, 18, 22-30.
Kaur, R.; Dhakad, M.S.; Goyal, R.; Haque, A.; Mukhopadhyay, G. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species: a comparison of Vitek-2 system with conventional and molecular methods. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2016, 8, 4, 139-146. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.192969.
Samaranayake, L.P.; Raeside, J.M.; MacFarlane, T.W. Factors affecting the phospholipase activity of Candida species in vitro. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 1984, 22(3), 201-7.
Tsang, C.S.P.; Chu, F.C.S.; Leung, W.K,.; Jin, L.J.; Samaranayake, L.P.; Siu, S.C. Phospholipase, proteinase and haemolytic activities of Candida albicans isolated from oral cavities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2007, 56, 1393-1398. DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47303-0.
Mohandas V. Distribution of Candida species in different clinical samples and their virulence: biofilm formation, proteinase and phospholipase production: a study on hospitalized patients in southern India. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 2011, 3, 4-8. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.77288.
Ying, S.; Chunyang, L. Correlation between phospholipase of Candida albicans and resistance to fluconazole. Mycoses 2012, 55, 50-55. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02024.x
Rodrigues, A.G.; Pina-Vaz, C.; Costa-de-Oliveira, S.; Tavares, C. Expression of plasma coagulase among pathogenic Candida species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003, 41, 12, 5792-5793. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5792-5793.2003.
Christensen, G.D.; Simpson, W.A.; Younger, J.J.; Baddour, L.M.; Barrett, F.F.; Melton, D.M.; Beachey, E.H. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1985, 22, 6, 996-1006. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985.
Daniel, W.W.; Cross, C. L. Biostatistics, A Foundation for analysis in the health sciences. John wiely and sons. 2013, New York, pp. 958
Patel M. Oral cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the development of infection. Pathogens 2022, 11, 3, 335. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030335.
de Melo Pereira, G.V.; Maske, B.L.; de Carvalho Neto, D.P.; Karp, S.G.; De Dea Lindner, J.; Martin, J.G.; de Oliveira Hosken, B.; Soccol, C.R.. What is Candida doing in my food? A review and safety alert on its use as starter cultures in fermented foods. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 9, 1855. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091855.
Bemena, L.D.; Min, K.; Konopka, J. B.; Neiman, A.M. A conserved machinery underlies the synthesis of a chitosan layer in the Candida chlamydospore cell wall. Msphere 2021, 6, 2, e00080-21. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00080-21.
Mulet Bayona, J.V.; Salvador García, C.; Tormo Palop, N.; Valentín Martín, A.; González Padrón, C.; Colomina Rodríguez, J.; Pemán, J.; Gimeno Cardona, C. Novel chromogenic medium CHROMagarTM Candida Plus for detection of Candida auris and other Candida species from surveillance and environmental samples: A multicenter study. Journal of Fungi 2022, 8, 3, 281. DOI: 10.3390/jof8030281.
Jabra-Rizk, M.A.; Brenner, T.M.; Romagnoli, M.; Baqui, A.A.; Merz, W.G.; Falkler, J.r. W.A.; Meiller, T.F. Evaluation of a reformulated CHROMagar Candida. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001, 39, 5, 2015-2016. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.5.2015-2016.2001
Abdulla, N.Q.; Ismael, H.M. The Efficacy of Antifungal Medications and Plant Extracts against Candida albicans Isolated from Vulvovaginitis Women. Iraqi Journal of Science 2023, 64, 2, 560-572. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2023.64.2.6.
El-Baz, A.M.; Mosbah, R.A.; Goda, R.M.; Mansour, B.; Sultana, T.; Dahms, T.E.; El-Ganiny, A.M. Back to nature: combating Candida albicans biofilm, phospholipase and hemolysin using plant essential oils. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1, 81. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10010081.
Liu, N.; Zhang, N.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Q. Phloretin inhibited the pathogenicity and virulence factors against Candida albicans. Bioengineered. 2021, 12, 1, 2420-2431. DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1933824
Price, M.F.; Wilkinson, I.D.; Gentry, L.O. Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia: 1982, 20, 1, 7-14. DOI: 10.1080/00362178285380031
Nciki, S.; Oderinlo, O.O.; Gulube, Z.; Osamudiamen, P.M.; Idahosa, K.C.; Patel M. Mezoneuron benthamianum inhibits cell adherence, hyphae formation, and phospholipase production in Candida albicans. Archives of Microbiology 2020, 202, 9, 2533-2542. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01972-2.
Samaranayake, Y.H.; Dassanayake, R.S.; Cheung, B.P.; Jayatilake, J.A.; Yeung, K.W.; Yau, J.Y.; Samaranayake, L.P. Differential phospholipase gene expression by Candida albicans in artificial media and cultured human oral epithelium. APMIS 2006, 114(12), 857-66. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_479.x.
Darwazeh, A.M.; MacFarlane, T.W.; McCuish, A.; Lamey, P.J. Mixed salivary glucose levels and candidal carriage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of oral pathology & medicine 1991, 20, 6, 280-283. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00928.x.
Sasani, E.; Yadegari, M.H.; Khodavaisy, S.; Rezaie, S.; Salehi, M.; Getso, M.I. Virulence factors and azole-resistant mechanism of Candida tropicalis isolated from candidemia. Mycopathologia 2021, 186(6), 847-56. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00580-y.
Mushi, M.F.; Bader, O.; Bii, C.; Groß, U.; Mshana, S.E. Virulence and susceptibility patterns of clinical Candida spp. isolates from a tertiary hospital, Tanzania. Medical mycology 2019, 57, 5, 566-572. DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy107.
Yigit, N.; Aktas, A.E.; Ayyildiz, A. Detection of coagulase activity in pathogenic Candida species. Journal of International Medical Research 2008, 36, 6, 1378-1382. DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600627.
Rodríguez-Cerdeira, C.; Martínez-Herrera, E.; Carnero-Gregorio, M.; López-Barcenas, A.; Fabbrocini, G.; Fida, M.; El-Samahy, M.; González-Cespón, J.L. Pathogenesis and clinical relevance of Candida biofilms in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020, 11, (544480), 1-23. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.544480
Cangui-Panchi, S.P.; Ñacato-Toapanta, A.L.; Enríquez-Martínez, L.J.; Reyes, J.; Garzon-Chavez, D.; Machado, A. Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: A systematic review. Current Research in Microbial Sciences 2022, 17, 3, 100175. DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100175.
Nobile, C.J.; Johnson, A.D. Candida albicans biofilms and human disease. Annual Review of Microbiology 2015, 69, 71-92. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104330.
Boucherit-Otmani, Z.; Boucherit, K.; Djediat, C. Interaction in a dual-species biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata co-isolated from intravascular catheter. Microbial Pathogenesis 2021, 152, 104613. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104613.
Vadiraj, S.; Nayak, R.; Choudhary, GK.; Kudyar, N.; Spoorthi, B.R. Periodontal pathogens and respiratory diseases-evaluating their potential association: a clinical and microbiological study. The journal of contemporary dental practice 2013, 14, 4, 610-615. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1373.