Extraction of Beta-Glucan from Sacchromyces boulardii, Study of its Chemical and Functional Properties, and Comparison of its Immunological Properties with Yeast Extracted from it
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study was conducted to identify the immunomodulatory effect of beta-glucan and to compare its immunomodulatory properties with S.boulardii yeast. In this study, S.boulardii yeast was used to extract beta-glucan. The yeast was activated using a YPD medium, its purity was examined, and the following operations were performed on it: The biomass of S.boulardii yeast was grown in a vibrating incubator. The biomass was isolated, collected, washed, and dried. Extracting beta-glucan using the acid-base method for S.boulardii yeast is considered the best extraction method. Beta-glucan was partially purified using 4% phosphoric acid. Chemical tests were conducted on it and its functional properties (ability to bind to fats and water) were evaluated. The biological experiment was conducted for thirty days by taking three groups, each group containing five mice, A1 the control group, A2 the group fed with S.boulardii yeast, and A3 the group fed with beta-glucan extract. The effect of doses with treatments A1, A2, and A3 on the external appearance of the mice and the activity of the mice was studied. The effect of doses with treatments A2 and A3 was studied after the end of the starvation period on the final weight, and it was compared to treatment A1. It was noted that there were no significant differences at the level (P<0.05). Blood was drawn from mice by heart prick for the three groups, and immunological tests and antibodies IL 10, C3, and IgE were conducted. A significant increase was observed in the IL10 and C3 tests, while no increase in the IgE test.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTerms
Publication Dates
References
Abdul-Hameed, R. F.; Al-Qadi, M. T.; Ibrahim, T. K.; Al-Khafaji, Z. M. Effect Of Different Conditions On Viability And Antagonistic Activity Of Saccharomyces Boulardii On Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria. Baghdad Science Journal. 2022, 6, 4. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.4.627-632.
Alziadi, R.; Alwaaili, J.R.; Allaibi, F.H. In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity Of Sacchromyces Boulardii Metabolic Substances In Cancer Cells, Int. J. Agricult. Stat. 2020, 16, 1, 2079-2083.
Sheikh Zahir , Amer Abdel Rahman.; Al-Jilawi, Majed Hussain .; Al-Ziyadi, Rahim Enad Khudair. Isolate Saccharomyces Boulardii From Mangsteen Fruits (Garcinia Mangostana L.), Molecular Identify And Study Its Ability To Reduce The Level Of Cholesterol And Inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 Bacteria, Journal Of Al-Muthanna For Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 2, 2.
Rezuqi, N.S.; Younis, F.Q. Inhibition Activity Of Saccharomyces Boulardii And Lactobacillus Acidophilus Against Pathogenic E. Coli Isolates From Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection In Women In Vitro, Baghdad Science Journal. 2014, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.1.22-32
Sarkar, S.R.; Mazumder, P.M.; Chatterjee, K.; Sarkar, A.; Adhikary, M.; Mukhopadhyay, K.; Banerjee. Saccharomyces boulardii ameliorates gut dysbiosis associated cognitive decline, Physiology & Behavior. 2021, 236, 113411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113411 .
Ceccarelli, G.; Statzu, M.; Santinelli, L.; Pinacchio, C.; Bitossi, C.; Cavallari, E.N.; Vullo, V.; Scagnolari, C.; d’Ettorre, G. Challenges in the management of HIV infection: update on the role of probiotic supplementation as a possible complementary therapeutic strategy for cART treated people living with HIV/AIDS,Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2019, 19, 9, 949-965. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1638907 .
Keikha, M.; Kamali, H. The impact of Saccharomyces boulardii adjuvant supplementation on alternation of gut microbiota after H. pylori eradication; a metagenomics analysis, Gene Reports. 2022, 26, 101499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101499 .
Bashir, K.M.I.; Choi, J.S. Clinical and physiological perspectives of β-glucans: the past, present, and future, International journal of molecular sciences. 2017 , 18, 9, 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091906 .
Strandskog, G.; Sobhkhez, M.; Jørgensen, J.B.; Iliev, D.B. Composition of exosomes derived from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.736964 .
Hoenigl, M.; Lin, J.; Finkelman, M.; Zhang, Y.; Karris, M.Y.; Letendre, S.L.; Ellis, R.J.; Burke, L.; Richard, B.; Gaufin, T.; Isnard, S. Glucan rich nutrition does not increase gut translocation of beta-glucan, Mycoses. 2021, 64, 1, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13161.
Al-Aithy, Shatha A.; Amer Abdalrahman. ; Makarim A. Musa. "The Ntimicrobial Activity Of Barley Beta Glucan And Its Use As Prebiotic In Acidophilus Milk, Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 43. 2012, 2 , 109-118. https://doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v19i2.419 .
Pais, P.; Almeida, V.; Yılmaz, M.; Teixeira, M.C. Saccharomyces boulardii: what makes it tick as successful probiotic?, Journal of Fungi. 2020, 6(2), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020078 .
Mohammed, I.Y.; Abakr, Y.A.; Kazi, F.K.; Yusup, S.; Alshareef, I. ; Chin, S.A. Comprehensive characterization of Napier grass as a feedstock for thermochemical conversion, Energies. 2015, 8(5), 3403-3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8053403 .
Donzis, B.A.; Donzis Byron A. Method for revitalizing skin by applying topically water insoluble glucan,U.S. Patent. 1993. 5,223,49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(93)90264-9.
Al-Shouki, R.M.M.; Nasser, A.K. Extracting β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and using it as an alternative to fat to improve certain qualities in refrigerated beef, Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.33762/bjas.2019.161200.
Petravić-Tominac, V.; Zechner-Krpan, V.; Berković, K.; Galović, P.; Herceg, Z.; Srečec, S. ; Špoljarić, I. Rheological properties, water-holding and oil-binding capacities of particulate β-glucans isolated from spent Brewer’s yeast by three different procedures, Food technology and biotechnology. 2011, 49(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1556/aalim.40.2011.2.12 .
Alaubydi, M.A. ; Abed, R.M. The Usage of ß-glucan Extracted from Local Mushroom as Immunomodulator, Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011, 3(5), 535-541.
Baron, E.J.; Peterson, L.R. ; Finegold, S.M. Mycobacteria, Baily and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 9th ed. St. Luis: The CV Mosby Company. 1994, 590-633. https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-42-4-308.
Pengkumsri, N.; Sivamaruthi, B.S.; Sirilun, S.; Peerajan, S.; Kesika, P.; Chaiyasut, K. ; Chaiyasut, C. Extraction of β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison of different extraction methods and in vivo assessment of immunomodulatory effect in mice. Food Science and Technology. 2016, 37, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.10716 .
AL-Zaiadi, R.; AL-Shekdhaher, A. Isolation and Identification of food Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii by using traditional methods, Vitek 2 system and molecular identification methods, iraq journal of market research and consumer protection. 2016, 8. https://doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2016/22927.
Al-Jilawi, M.H.; Al-Sheikh D.A.A.; Al-Ziyadi, R.I.K. Physiological Properties From Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii that isolates from Mangosteen fruits and diagnosed molecularly, Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science. 2015, 7, 1.
Karthik, A.; Sudalaimani, K.; Vijayakumar, C.T.; Saravanakumar, S.S. Effect of bio-additives on physico-chemical properties of fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag based self cured geopolymer mortars, Journal of hazardous materials. 2019, 361, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.078 .
McFarland, L.V. Common organisms and probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii, In The microbiota in gastrointestinal pathophysiology. 2017, 145-164. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804024-9.00018-5 .
Badr, H.; El-Baz, A.; Mohamed, I.; Shetaia, Y.; El-Sayed, A.S.; Sorour, N. Bioprocess optimization of glutathione production by Saccharomyces boulardii: biochemical characterization of glutathione peroxidase, Archives of Microbiology. 2021, 203, 6183-6196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02584-0 .
Donzis, B.A.; Donzis Byron A. Method for revitalizing skin by applying topically water insoluble glucan, U.S. Patent. 1993, 5, 223, 491.
Al-Jumaiee, S.A.; Al-Manhel, A.J.; Al-Hussainy, K.S. The Effect of Adding Beta-glucan Extracted From Bread yeast and barley bran on Inhibiting Microbial Population of Fish Patties at Cooling Storage Periods, Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture. 2021, 18, 2, 47-62. https://doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v18i2.350.
Al-Rubaee, A. Extraction of glucan from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science – Baghdad University. 2008.
Courie, P.; Patelakis, S. ; Miles, A. Progressive BioActives Inc. A Method of Producing an Economical and Ecologically Sound Natural Immunobiotic Extract for Use as a Health Management Instrument and a Replacement for Growth Promotion Antibiotics in Livestock and Companion Animals, U.S. Patent Application . 2005, 10, 711, 980.
Huang, M.H. ; Yang, M.C. Evaluation of glucan/poly (vinyl alcohol) blend wound dressing using rat models, International journal of pharmaceutics. 2008, 346, 1-2, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.021.
Petravić-Tominac, V.; Zechner-Krpan, V.; Berković, K.; Galović, P.; Herceg, Z.; Srečec S, Špoljarić, I. Rheological properties water-holding oil-binding capacities of particulate β-glucans isolated from spent Brewer’s yeast by three different procedures, Food technology and biotechnology. 2011, 21,49, 1, 56-64 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.052.
Ibrahim, H.K.; Mahdi, M.S. Antioxidant Effect of Beta-glucan Extract from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2020, 14, 4, 2066-2072. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11853.
Al-Azzawi, Shaima Saadi Lafta. The use of beta-glucan and inulin to improve the physicochemical, rheological and nutritional properties of low-fat mozzarella cheese. PhD thesis-College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad. 2018. https://doi.org/10.36295/asro.2020.231622 .
Saady, S. Study Effect of Feeding on Low Fat Mozzarella Cheese Using Fat Mimetic such as Beta–Glucan and Inulin in some Health and Physiological Indicators of White Mice, Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 17, 813-826.
Al-Shammary, H.A.A.; Daher, A.A.A.S. ; Salih, S.M. Effect of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in weight losing and cytokines levels in mice before and after Infection by Salmonella typhimurium, Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2018, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.37940/ajvs.2018.11.1.8.
Basso, A.M.M.; De Castro, R.J.A.; De Castro, T.B.; Guimarães, H.I.; Polez, V.L.P.; Carbonero, E.R.; Pomin, V.H.; Hoffmann, C.; Grossi-de-Sa, M.F.; Tavares, A.H.; Bocca, A.L. Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucan-containing exopolysaccharides from Auricularia auricular in phagocytes and mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Medical mycology. 2020, 58, 2, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz042.
Pelizon, A.C.; Kaneno, R.; Soares, A.M.V.C.; Meira, D.A. ; Sartori, A. Immunomodulatory activities associated with β-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Physiological research. 2005, 557-564. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.930686.
Zhang, Q.; Lu, Y.; Liu, F. IL-10 producing B cells regulated 1, 3-β-glucan induced Th responses in coordinated with Treg. Immunology Letters. 2021; 235, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.011 .
Chan, G.C.F.; Chan, W.K. ; Sze, D.M.Y. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. Journal of Hematology and Oncology. 2009, 2, 1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-2-25.
Baert, K.; Sonck, E.; Goddeeris, B. M.; Devriendt, B.; Cox, E. Cell type-specific differences in β-glucan recognition and signalling in porcine innate immune cells, Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2015, 48, 1, 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.005.
Jesenak, M.; Hrubisko, M.; Majtan, J.; Rennerova, Z.; Banovcin, P. Anti‐allergic effect of pleuran (β‐glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections, Phytotherapy Research. 2014, 28, 3, 471-474. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5020.
Plaza-Diaz, J.; Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J.; Gil-Campos, M; Gil, A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Advances in Nutrition. 2019, 10, l-1, 49-S66. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy063 .