Haematological Alteration in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L) Fish After Exposure for Tow Pesticides Goldate, Alexander and Their Mixture
Main Article Content
Abstract
The excessive and unwarranted use of pesticides at different stages of crop production can pose a great danger to the aquatic environment, and particularly to fish. Haematological parameters are indicated to be important for environmental pollution. Blood parameters respond to low doses of pollutants, so hematological changes in common carp fish are used for assessing the effects of contaminants. Toxicological effects of Goldate and Alexander individuals combined as a mixture were observed by monitoring hematological parameters in common carp fish. There were 3 concentration groups (1/10, 1/100, and 1/200) for every pesticide (Goldate, Alexander, and mixture of Goldate and Alexander) exposed to juvenile fish (60–80 gm. in weight) for 6 weeks. During the experimental period, the results showed a significant decrease in the red blood cell mean value (RBC), hemoglobin mean value (Hb), and total protein mean value (TP). While there was a significant increase in the white blood cell mean value (WBC) and albumin mean value (Al) after six weeks of exposure, It was found that these changes increase with increasing pesticide concentrations and exposure periods when they are single. However, these changes are more severe when the fish are exposed to a mixture of pesticides at the same time. This experiment found that these changes increase with increasing pesticide concentrations and exposure periods when they are single, but these changes are more severe when the fish are exposed to a mixture of pesticides at the same time, which is evidence of the synergistic action of these pesticides.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTermsHow to Cite
Publication Dates
Received
Accepted
Published Online First
References
Lakshmipathy, K.,; Sindhu, S.; Singh, A.,; Chikkaballapur Krishnappa, S.; Duggonahally Veeresh, C. A review on pesticides degradation by using ultraviolet light treatment in agricultural commodities, eFood. 2024, 5(1), e129. https://doi.org/10.1002/efd2.129.
Faruque A.; Fakhruddin A.; Abdulrahman A. ; Abdullah M. ; Khursheed M.; Saati, W.; Ehab Y. Elbendary K., Mohamed H. Abdelrahman H. Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures. Heliyon. 2024, 10(7), e29128. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2024.e29128.
Environmental Protection Agency. Worker protection standard website: American Public Health Association. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/amend.htm, 2013.
Pant, J.; Tewari, H.; Gill, T.S. Effects of Aldicarb on The Blood and Tissues of a Freshwater Fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987, 38, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01606554.
Kaur, S.; Chowdhary, S.; Kumar, D.; Bhattacharyya, R.; Banerjee, D. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Molecular toxicology and laboratory testing. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 2023, 551, 117584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2023.117584.
Pandey A.; Pandey G. Hazards of organophosphate and carbamate nanoparticles to fish species. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2013, 2(3), 17-27.
Cathy, A.; Baldwin, D.H.; Collier, T.K.; Hebert, V.; Stark, J.D.; Scholz, N.L. The Synergistic Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures: Implications for Risk Assessment and The Conservation of Endangered Pacific Salmon. Environmental Health Perspective 2009, 117(3), 348–353 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800096.
Tasneem S.; Yasmeen R . Biochemical changes in carbohydrate metabolism of the fish – Cyprinus carpio during sub -lethal exposure to biopesticide Derisom. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2020, 19(2), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfs.2018.116876.
Amaeze, N.H.; Komolafe, B.O.; Salako, A.F.; Akagha, K.K.; Briggs, T.D.; Olatinwo, O.O.; Femi, M.A. Comparative assessment of the acute toxicity, haematological and genotoxic effects of ten commonly used pesticides on the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822. Heliyon, 2020, 6(8): e04768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04768.
Muralidharan, L. Acute Toxicity and Synergetic Action of Some Pesticides on Cyprinus Carpio. International Journal of Advanced Research 2014, 2, 27-33.
DiBartolomeis, M.; Kegley, S.; Mineau, P.; Radford, R.; Klein, K. An assessment of acute insecticide toxicity loading (AITL) of chemical pesticides used on agricultural land in the United States. PLoS One. 2019, 14(8), e0220029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220029.
Verena T.; Arnd W.; Christian M., Markus E.; Steven L.; Ana C.; Daniel S.; Zhenglei G.; Ismael R. Acute toxicity of pesticide mixtures to honey bees is generally additive, and well predicted by Concentration Addition, Science of The Total Environment. 2023, 857(3), 159518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159518.
Holme, T. Connecting Chemistry Education and Insects. Journal of Chemical Education. 2022, 99(4), 1545–1546. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00233.
Ambreen, F.; Javed, M. Assessment of Acute Toxicity of Pesticides Mixtures for Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idella. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2015, 47(1), 133-139.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ecological effects test guidelines OPPTS 850. 1075 fish acute toxicity test, freshwater and marine. Office of prevention, pesticides and toxic substances (7101). U.S. EPA 1996, 712-C-96-118.
Witeska, M.; Wargocka, W. Disodium EDTA Used As Anticoagulant Causes Hemolysis in Common Carp Blood. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2011, 35, 99-104. doi: 10.3906/vet-0908-51.
SAS. Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.6th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA. 2018.
Witeska, M.; Kondera, E.; Ługowska, K.; Bojarski, B. Hematological methods in fish–Not only for beginners. Aquaculture 2022, 547, 737498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737498
Abdul-Ahad, S.A. The Effect of Danitol on Common Carp Fishes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. 1996 (In Arabic).
Trot, L.; Torres, P. The Effect of Subleathal Concentration of Cadmium on Haematological Parameters in The Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Journal of Fish Biology. 1988, 32(2), 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05361.x .
Showy, B.G.; Rabee, A.M. Hematological Alternation In Common Carp Fish (Cyprinus Carpio L. 1758) After Exposing to Dursban. Iraqi Journal of Science 2019, 60(3), 448-452. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/650.
Kumar, A.A. Endosulfan induced biochemical and Pathophysiological Changes in Freshwater Fish, Clarias Batrachus . Ph.D dissertations, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 1994.
Witeska, I. The Effect of Toxic Chemicals on Blood Cell Morphology in Fish. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 2004, 13(12A), 1379-1384. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani13162625.
Arafa, A.; Afify, M.; Nervana, S. Evaluation of Adverse Health Effects of Pesticides Exposure [Biochemical And Hormonal] Among Egyptian Farmers. Journal of Applied Science Research. 2013, 9(7), 4404-4409.
Mostafalou, S.; Abdollahi, M. Pesticides and Human Chronic Diseases: Evidences, Mechanisms, and Perspectives. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2013, 268(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025.
Mochida, K.; Lou, Y.H.; Hara, A.; Yamauchi, K. Physical Biochemical Properties of IgM From a Teleost Fish. Immunology 1994, 83, 675–80.
Peebua, P.; Kruatrachue, M.; Pokethitiyook, P.; Singhakaew, S. Histopathological Alterations of Nile Tilapia, Oreoechromis niloticus, Tilapia zilliiand Synodontis schall From Ei Salam Canal, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 2008, 87, 99–138.
Kaoud, H. A.; El-Dahshan, A.R. Bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations of the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nature and Science 2010, 8, 147-156.
Maurya, P. K.; Malik, D.S. Accumulation and Distribution of Organochlorine And Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Water, Sediments And Fishes, Heteropneustis Fossilis and Puntius ticto From Kali River, India. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 2016, 8, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0367.
Yang, J. L.; Chen, H. C. Effects of Gallium on Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio): Acute Test, Serum Biochemistry, And Erythrocyte Morphology. Chemosphere, 2003, 53(8), 877–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00657-X.