Evaluation of Several Hematologic and Serological Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the synovial joints and produces recurring inflammation of the synovial membrane, which ultimately causes joint degeneration, deformity, and disability. The current study included 110 blood samples collected from patients infected with rheumatoid arthritis (60) and 50 blood samples from controls. The results showed that investigation of some hematological tests revealed a high significant erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) for the patient group compared to the control group (28.25 ± 2.72, 16.24 ± 1.83), respectively. But it is non-significant for patients for (WBC, RBC, and PLT) was (7.34 ± 0.25, 4.71 ± 0.08, and 248.26 ± 9.18), while the control group was (6.73 ±0.19, 4.96 ±0.10, and 263.64 ±8.26), respectively. As well as the result of the rheumatoid arthritis factor (Rh) level, there was a significant increase in patients with positive RF 45 (75.00%) and negative RF 15 (25.00%). while the result for the C-reactive protein (CRP) test for patients was positive 26 (43.33%) and negative 34 (56.67%).
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTermsHow to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Yap, H.Y.; Tee, S.Z.; Wong, M.M.; Chow, S.K.; Peh, S.C.; Teow, S.Y. Pathogenic role of immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis: implications in clinical treatment and biomarker development. Cells, 2018, 7, 10, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7100161.
Rija, F.F., Hussein, S.Z.; Abdalla, M.A., 2021. Physiological and immunological disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Baghdad Science Journal, 2021, 18, 2, 0247-0247. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2.0247
Faiq, M.K.; Kadhim, D.J.; Gorial, F.I. The Belief about Medicines among a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019, 1683-28, 2, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.31351/vol28iss2pp134-141
Lucchino, B.; Spinelli, F.R; Iannuccelli, A. Guzzo, M.P.; Conti, F.; Franco, M.D. Mucosa–Environment Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells, 2019, 8, 7, 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070700
Targońska-Stępniak, B.; Zwolak, R.; Piotrowski, M.; Grzechnik, K.; Majdan, M. The relationship between hematological markers of systemic inflammation (Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte, Platelet-To-Lymphocyte, Lymphocyte-To-Monocyte Ratios) and ultrasound disease activity parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020,9, 9, 2760. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092760
Jassim, H.H.; Alnassiri, S.H.; Mawlood, A.F.; Shnak, Q.A. Relationship of erythrocyte sedimentation rate with the activity of prolidase and liver enzyme in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 43, 2069-2075.
Buzatu, C.; Moots, R.J. Measuring disease activity and response to treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2019, 15, 2, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1559050
Hale, A.J.; Ricotta, D.N.; Freed, J.A. Evaluating the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. JAMA Diagnostic Test Interpretation, 2019, 321, 14, 1404-1405. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.1178.
Tishkowski, K; Gupta, V. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491417/
Atere, A.D.; Oseni, B.S.; Adebua, I.P.; Fapohunda, J.S.; Aigbokheo, I.F. Prognostic roles of c-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as acute phase reactants in mentally challenged subjects. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018, 13, 4, 311-323. DOI:10.18502/sjms.v13i4.3641.
Assasi, N.; Blackhouse, G.; Campbell, K.; Hopkins, R.B.; Levine, M.; Richter, T.; Budden, A. 2015. Comparative value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) testing in combination versus individually for the diagnosis of undifferentiated patients with suspected inflammatory disease or serious infection: a systematic review and economic analysis. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2015, (Internet).
Lapić, I.; Padoan, A.; Bozzato, D.; Plebani, M. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in acute inflammation: meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2020, 153, 1, 14-29. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz142.
Falkenburg, W.J.; Van Schaardenburg, D.; Ooijevaar-de Heer, P.; Bultink I.E.; Voskuyl, A. E.; Bentlage, A.E.; Vidarsson, G.; Wolbink, G.; Rispens, T. Anti-hinge antibodies recognize IgG subclass–and protease-restricted neoepitopes. The Journal of Immunology, 2017, 198, 1, 82-93. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601096.
Motta, F.; Bizzaro, N.; Giavarina, D.; Franceschini, F.; Infantino, M.; Palterer, B.; Sebastiani, G.D.; Selmi, C. Rheumatoid factor isotypes in rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis and prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD open. 2023,9, 3, e002817. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002817.
Van Hoovels, L.; Vander Cruyssen, B.; Sieghart, D.; Bonroy, C.; Nagy, E.; Pullerits, R.; Čučnik, S.; Dahle, C.; Heijnen, I.; Bernasconi, L.; Benkhadra, F. IgA rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2022, 60, 10, 1617-1626. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2022-0244.
Elshafie, A.I.; Elbagir, S.; Aledrissy, M.I.; Elagib, E.M.; Nur, M.A.; Rönnelid, J. Occurrence of anti-CCP2 and RF isotypes and their relation to age and disease severity among Sudanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology, 2019, 1, 38, 1545-1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-019-04431-6.
Shpatz, R.; Braun-Moscovici, Y.; Balbir-Gurman, A. ACPA Antibodies Titer at the Time of Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis Is Not Associated with Disease Severity. The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ. 2021, 23, 10, 646-650. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672447/
Kamiya, H.; Panlaqui, O.M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease related to anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody. BMJ open, 2021, 11, 3, e040465.
Nagy, G.; Roodenrijs, N.M.;Welsing, P.M.; Kedves, M.; Hamar, A.; Van Der Goes, M.C.; Kent, A.; Bakkers, M.; Blaas, E.; Senolt, L.; Szekanecz, Z. EULAR definition of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2021, 80, 1, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040465.
Cleland, D.A.; Eranki, A.P. Procalcitonin. [Updated 2023 Apr 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539794/.
Sproston, N.R.; Ashworth, J.J. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018, 9, 342848. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.
Galeef, E.R; Salloom, D.F. HLA-B genotype and Escherichia coli association in Iraqi patients with reactive arthritis. Iraqi Journal of Science, 2016, 1648-1652. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/7020.
Sultan, M. Biochemical and the Genetic Variations of Apolipoprotein E levels and Correlation with its Isoforms Polymorphism in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. MSc Thesis, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, 2021.
Baughman, R.P.; Cremers, J.P; Harmon, M.; Lower, E.E; Drent, M. Methotrexate in sarcoidosis: hematologic and hepatic toxicity encountered in a large cohort over a six year period. Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases, 2020, 37, 3, e2020001. https://doi.org/10.36141/svdld.v37i3.9362.
Salih, I.; Omran, R. The Effects of Gene Polymorphisms in Interleukin-4 on the Susceptibility of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Iraq Population. Journal of Biotechnology Research, 2018, 4, 10, 76-79. doi.org/10.32861/jbr.410.76.79.
Mohammed, H.A. The Serum Level of DC-SIGN and Mannose Receptor in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. MSc. thesis college of Science for Women - University of Baghdad, 2021.
Wu, C.Y; Yang, H.Y; Luo, S.F.; Lai, J.H. From rheumatoid factor to anti-citrullinated protein antibodies and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies for diagnosis and prognosis prediction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021, 12, 22, 2, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020686.
van Delft MA, Huizinga TW. An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of autoimmunity. 2020, 110, 102392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102392.
Ramdan, I.M.; Candra, K.P.; Lusiana, D.; Duma, K. Redesign of the Traditional Handloom for Sarong Female-Weavers Based on Anthropometric Data. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 2019, 1, 10, 10. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02950.
Abdullah, H. Evaluation of some Immunogenetic markers of Rheumatoid Arthritis in samples of Iraqi patients. A thesis Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for postgraduate studies at Baghdad University, 2010.
Bray C.; Bell, L.N.; Liang, H.; Haykal, R.; Kaiksow, F.; Mazza, J.J. Yale, S.H. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein measurements and their relevance in clinical medicine. WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 2016, 115, 6, 317-21. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2015.034.
Farag, M.R; Alagawany, M. Physiological alterations of poultry to the high environmental temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2018, 1, 76, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.012.