Taxonomic Morphological Study of the Stink Bug Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Some Regions of Central

Ahmed Waleed Hamid; Ahmed Jameel Sabr

doi:10.30526/37.3.3508

Authors

Ahmed Waleed Hamid Department of Biology ,College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham),University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-2519
Ahmed Jameel Sabr Department of Biology ,College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham),University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5853-7052

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30526/37.3.3508

Keywords:

Bagrada , Antennae, Scutellum, Prothorax, Rostrum.

Abstract

We conducted a taxonomic and phenotypic study on Bagrada hilaris, collected from various regions in central Iraq such as Baghdad, Diyala, and Babel governorates, between the end of May and October 2022. The study showed that the third segment of the antennae is the longest of all segments, and the head contains a pair of simple brown eyes. The rostrum extends to the end of the hind leg coxa, and each abdominal ring contains a pair of spiracles. The tarsus consists of three segments and bears a pair of claws. The phallus and paramere, representing male genitalia, consist of two parts: a medium-thick basal part known as the stem and a broad apical part known as the blade. The blade consists of two protrusions of unequal length. The genitalia of the female are attached to the eighth and ninth abdominal rings. The dorsal tergates of these rings are folded ventrally on each side to make the ventral part of the side of the dorsal plates

References

Weirauch, C.; Schuh, R.T. Systematics and evolution of Heteroptera: 25 years of progress. Annual Review of Entomology 2011, 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833

Augul, R.S. Revision of the family Sphecidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Iraq . Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 2019, 15(4), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2019.15.4.0491.

Pal, E.; Allison, J.D.; Hurley, B.P.; Slippers, B.; Fourie, G. Life History Traits of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) for the Development of Pest Management Tools. Forests 2023, 14, 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050861.

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH); Bragard, C.; Baptista, P.; Chatzivassiliou, E.; Di Serio, F.; Gonthier, P.; Jaques Miret, J.A.; Justesen, A.F.; Magnusson, C.S.; Milonas, P.; Navas-Cortes, J.A.; Parnell, S.; Potting, R.; Reignault, P.L.; Stefani, E.; Thulke, H.H.; Van der Werf, W.; Civera, A.V.; Yuen, J.; Zappalà, L.; MacLeod, A. Pest categorisation of Bagrada hilaris. EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority 2022, 20(2), e07091. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7091.

Jadhav, D.D.; Hegde, V. D. On a collection of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in and around Pune, Maharashtra. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018, 6(4), 1504-1507.‏

Palumbo J.C.; Natwick, E. T. The Bagrada bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a new invasive pest of cole crops in Arizona and California. Plant Health Progress, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2010-0621-01-BR.

Faúndez, E.I.; Lüer, A.; Cuevas, A.G.; Rider, D.A.; Valdebenito, P. First record of the painted bug Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister, 1835) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in South America. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 2016, 16, 175-179.

Carvajal, M.A.; Alaniz, A.J.; Núñez-Hidalgo, I.; González-Césped, C. Spatial global assessment of the pest Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): current and future scenarios. Pest Management Science 2019, 75(3), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5183.

Sonnekus, B.; Slippers, B.; Hurley, B.P.; Joubert, E.; Stiller, M.; Fourie, G. Diversity and Molecular Barcoding of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Associated with Macadamia in South Africa. Insects 2022, 13, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070601.

Bundy, C.S.; Perring, T.M.; Reed, D.A.; Palumbo, J.C.; Grasswitz, T.R.; Jones, W.A. Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) in McPherson, J.E. (ed.). In: Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, Higher Systematics, Semiochemistry, and Management. CRC press, 2018, 820 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315371221.

Motta, C.I.; Luong, J. C.; Seltmann, K.C. Plant-arthropod interactions of an endangered California lupine. Ecology and Evolution 2011, 12(3), e8688. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8688.

Butler, C.D.; Trumble, J.T. The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc)(Hemiptera: Triozidae): life history, relationship to plant diseases, and management strategies. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 2012, 5(2), 87-111.‏ https://doi.org/10.1163/187498312X634266.

Schaefer, C.W.; Panizzi, A.R. Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2010, 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085%5b0400:HOEI%5d2.0.CO;2

Zheng, X.; Koopmann, B.; Ulber, B.; von Tiedemann, A. A global survey on diseases and pests in oilseed rape—current challenges and innovative strategies of control. Frontiers in Agronomy 2020, 2, 590908.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2020.590908.

Hori, K.; Schaefer, C.W.; Panizzi, A.R. Possible causes of disease symptoms resulting from the feeding of phytophagous Heteroptera. In: Heteroptera of Economic Importance. 2020, 11-35.‏ DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859.ch2.

Stafford, C.A.; Walker, G.P.; Ullman, D.E. Hitching a ride: Vector feeding and virus transmission. Communicative & Integrative Biology 2012, 5(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.18640.

Palumbo, J. C. 2016. Biology, Ecology, and Management of an Invasive Stink Bug, Bagrada hilaris, in North America. Annual Review of Entomology 2016, 61, 453–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023843.

Grazia, J.; Panizzi, A.R.; Greve, C.; Schwertner, C.F.; Campos, L.A.; de A. Garbelotto, T.; Fernandes, J.A.M. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae).In: True bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics. 2015, 681-756.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859.ch13.

Halbert, S.E.; Eger, J.E. Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris)(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) an exotic pest of cruciferae established in the Western USA. Pest Alert, Fl. Dept. Agr. Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 2010.‏ http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/pest-alerts/pdf/bagrada-bug-pest-alert.Pdf.

Reed, D.A.; Palumbo, J.C.; Perring, T.M.; May, C. Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an invasive stink bug attacking cole crops in the southwestern United States. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 2013, 4(3), C1-C7.‏ https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM13007.

Al-Asady, H.S.; Aga, M.M. External Morphological Study of Pieris rapae (Limmaeus, 1758), (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Mid and North of Iraq. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 2015, 28(1), 205-217. https://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/article/view/205.

Aljaf, M. M.; Sabr, A. J., Salman, Z. H. and Fezea, M. A. Review and Description for Theretra alecto Boisduval 1827, (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2019, 11(6), 2327-2332. https:/ doi.org /www.researchgate.net/publication/331483385.

Abdul-Rassoul, M.S.; Augul, R.S.; Al-Saffar, H.H. Seasonal Abundance of Adult Fly Species on the Exposed Carcasses in Baghdad City. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 2009, 22(4), 1-10. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/6a86a487f5207f79.

King, J.R.; Porter, S.D. (2004). Recommendations on the use of alcohols for preservation of ant specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 2004, 51, 197-202.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-003-0709-x.

Mawlood, N.A.K. A New Species of Sarcophaga Meigen 1826 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From Iraq. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 2006, 19(1), 12-21. https://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/article/view/1530/1240.

Sabr, A.J.; Aljaf, M.M. External Morphological Study of Tabanus nemoralis Meigen 1820 (Diptera: Tabanidae). Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 2017, 03(1),11-19. https://doi.org/10.30526/30.1.1055.

Salman, Z.H.; Aljaf, M.M.; Sabr, A.J. External Morphological Study of Aporiacrataegi (Linnaeus, 1958) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Northen Iraq. Journal of Global Pharma Technology 2018, 10(7), 71-76.

Sabr, A.J. Seasonality And Relative Abundance Of Deer And Horse Flies (Diptera : Tabanidae) From Three Farms In Al-Anbar, Iraq. Biochemical and Cellular Archives 2018, 18(2), 1915-1920.

AL-kiasy, R.J.H. Description of a new species of leafhopper Cicadella lataeilla nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal 2010, 7(4), 1331-1337. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2010.7.4.1331-1337.

Alwaily, D.S.; Kader A.A.; Tohma A.J. Studying the efficacy of some insecticides and sporophyte suspension of Beauveria bassiana (Balsam) Vuil. fungus in controlling nymphs and adults of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on radish crop (Raphanus sativus L.) in vitro and field. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science 2020, 12(2), 530- 541.