Multi-Band Ring Microstrip Patch Antenna Enhanced by Nd: YAG Laser Processing at C-band for Wireless Communications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30526/39.2.4301Keywords:
Ring microstrip antenna, Slot loading, Laser treatment, Multi-band, FR-4 substrate, 5GAbstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of slotless and slotted ring microstrip antennas implemented on an FR-4 substrate and subsequently modified through Nd: YAG laser treatment. The experimental investigations reveal significant improvements in impedance matching, bandwidth, and multi-band performance as a result of the combined influence of slot incorporation and laser-based modification. For the slotless configuration, the antenna response transitions from a conventional dual-band to a more versatile multi-band behavior, supporting five distinct resonances in the frequency range from 3.89 to 7.64 GHz. Among these, the resonance at 5.12 GHz demonstrates the most favorable performance with a reflection coefficient of –23.13 dB, a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.15, and an effective bandwidth of 130 MHz. Similarly, the slotted variant exhibits five resonances between 4.04 and 7.73 GHz, with excellent impedance matching at 5.15 GHz (S11 = –21.7 dB, VSWR = 1.18) and a broader bandwidth of 180 MHz, alongside additional operational modes at higher frequencies. These results confirm that slot loading, in synergy with laser surface modification, effectively enhances the electromagnetic characteristics of the antennas. Consequently, the proposed designs demonstrate strong potential for deployment in modern wireless communication systems, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WLAN, and emerging 5G applications.
References
1. Gopinath D, Marichamy P. On the design and analysis of multi-band micro-strip patch antenna for wireless body area network applications. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2025;2025:24. https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13638-025-02442-3
2. Rahayu Yenny, Hidayat Muhammad I. Design of 28/38 GHz dual-band triangular-shaped slot microstrip antenna array for 5G applications. 2018 2nd Int Conf Telematics Future Gener Netw (TAFGEN). IEEE; 2018. p. 93-97. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8580487
3. Priyalatha P, Kumari R, Nandi S. Compact modified hourglass-shaped aperture-coupled antenna for radar applications. Int J Microw Wirel Technol. 2023;15:1592-1600
4. Taha Bassam, AlSharabati Tareq. Performance comparison between the FR4 substrate and the Rogers Kappa-438 substrate for microstrip patch antennas. Int J Comput Sci Mob Comput. 2020;9:1-12. https://www.academia.edu/download/62010404/V9I220200120200206-62010-1wdvj22.pdf
5. Srivastava Ketan, Mishra Bharat, Patel Amit K, Singh Ramesh. Circularly polarized defected ground stub-matched triple-band microstrip antenna for C and X-band applications. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2020;62:3301-3309. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mop.32450
6. Balster J, Pünt I, Stamatialis D F, Wessling M. Multi-layer spacer geometries with improved mass transport. J Memb Sci. 2006;282:351-361. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738806003711
7. Farha K A, Jasmine P M. Microstrip patch antenna for UWB applications. AIP Conf Proc. 2023;2773:050002. https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2773/1/050002/2892505
8. Khidhir Ahmed H. Switching dynamics in terms of effective time constant to determine switching points using a Debye relaxation equation. Iraqi J Sci. 2019: 129–134. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/835
9. Abdulzahra D H, Alnahwi F, Abdullah A S, Al-Yasir Y I A, Abd-Alhameed R A. A miniaturized triple-band antenna based on square split ring for IoT applications. Electron. 2022;11:2818. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/18/2818
10. Lukacs P, Pietrikova A, Vehec I, Provazek P. Influence of various technologies on the quality of ultra-wideband antenna on a polymeric substrate. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14:507. https://www.academia.edu/download/82676487/pdf.pdf
11. Applications K band, Zahid M, Taqdeer M M, Amin Y. A compact dual-band microstrip patch antenna for C- and X-. 2023;4-9. https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/46/1/16
12. Hammas H A, Hasan M F, Jalal A S A. Compact multiband microstrip printed slot antenna design for wireless communication applications. Adv Electromagn. 2020;9:52-59. http://www.aemjournal.org/index.php/AEM/article/view/1393
13. Farghaly S I, Abo Al-Ela K E, Zaki A Y, Fouda H S. New design of microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHZ and 4×4 MIMO configuration with improved characteristics for IoT applications. Eurasip J Wirel Commun Netw. 2025;2025:1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13638-025-02486-5
14. Pallavi H V, Chandra A P J. Design of slotted circular microstrip patch antenna array for 5G millimeter-wave applications. 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355978263_Design_of_Slotted_Circular_Microstrip_Patch_Antenna_Array_for_5G_Millimeter-Wave_Applications
15. Prashanth K, Jayakrishna Sai C, Srihari B L, Manisha K. Design of micro-strip patch antenna for C-band applications. E3S Web Conf. 2023;391:1-8. https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2023/28/e3sconf_icmed-icmpc2023_01066/e3sconf_icmed-icmpc2023_01066.html
16. Naik M N. Design of compact annular ring microstrip antenna for multiband communication system. J Netw Commun Emerg Technol. 2017;7:24-28. https://www.jncet.org/Manuscripts/Volume-7/Issue-8/Vol-7-issue-8-M-05.pdf
17. Textile B, Ring R, Patch M. At 2.45 GHz for wearable applications. 2021;1-17. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9739680
18. Moura C G, Dinis H, Carvalho O, Mendes P M, Nascimento R M, Silva F S. A novel approach for micro-antenna fabrication on ZrO2 substrate assisted by laser printing for smart implants. Appl Sci. 2022;12:9333. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/18/9333
19. Huang S, Zeng J, Wang W, Zhao Z. Study on laser polishing of Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting. Micromachines. 2024;15:336. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/15/3/336
20. Kareem Q H, Abdullah L W, Shihab R A, Al-Hasani F A J, Abdullah S N. Optimize the performance of reconfigurable antenna based on laser treatment for sub-6GHz applications. Prog Electromagn Res Lett. 2025;123.
21. Ahmed Fayyadh H. Frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna using switchable slotted triangular radiators. Eng Technol J. 2018;36(2). https://iasj.rdd.edu.iq/journals/uploads/2025/01/09/2bd7e0565c4a2ba879807192eb1b8699.pdf
22. Bahaa B, Elias Q, Bashar B S, Alanssari A I, Soh P J, Misran H. A metasurface-based high-gain patch antenna for future multiband wireless communication. 2024;7:47-60. https://doi.org/10.31987/ijict.7.1.268
23. Habib N F, Wadday A G, Ali F M. Design multiband compact microstrip circular slot fractal meta-surface antenna. 2024;1–11 [PDF]. https://iasj.rdd.edu.iq/journals/uploads/2024/12/06/28b3e6d1cf2b648f7c65cb32ef515e15.pdf
24. Mustafa F I, Shakir S, Mustafa F F, Naiyf A T. Simple design and implementation of solar tracking system two axis with four sensors for Baghdad city. 2018 9th Int Renew Energy Congr (IREC). IEEE; 2018. p. 1-5. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8355789
25. Kadpan W R, Mustafa F F, Kadhim H T. A review of control automatically water irrigation canal using multi controllers and sensors. J Eur des Syst Autom. 2024;57:717-727. https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.570309
26. Ahmed S, Albehadili A A, Mohammed Z H, Hassain Z A, Al-saadi M, Chandra M. Circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna loaded with slot and complementary split ring resonator. 2024;28:06.: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.6.7
27. Alblaihed K A, Abbasi Q H, Imran M A, Mohjazi L. Wideband of microstrip patch antenna for 28 GHz 5G applications. 2023;189-190.https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/294715/1/294715.pdf
28. Souryendu Das, Gokhroo S. Microstrip Patch Antenna at 7 GHz for Satellite Communication. IJETSR. 2015;2(11):1 11. https://ssrn.com/abstract=322900
29. Kashyap PA, Sarmah K, Dakua I, Baruah S. Gain and bandwidth enhancement of slotted microstrip antenna using metallic nanofilms for WLAN applications. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 2023;35(1):102374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102374
30. Khidhir A H. Effect of surface recombination on diffusion length and active cavity life time. Iraqi J Sci. 2020;3215-3220. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/2003
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
licenseTermsHow to Cite
